Electronen Mikroskopie Museum Nürnberg - User contributions [en]

AEI EM-7

2026-04-21T12:00:39Z

Lbochtler: added column cross section

Not to be confused with the [[EM-7 | AEG Zeiss EM-7]] Electron Microscope from the 40's

[[File:AEI - EM7 - Goringe.png|thumb|Overview of the main Superstructure]]

The AEI EM-7 represents the largest [[Electron Microscope]] thus far constructed on the British Isles. A total of around 40 Units where produced. At the time, it represented on of the most powerful, if not the most powerful comercial Electron Microscope avalible at the time. The EM7 first appeared around 1970. The wearabouts of the 40 units is, but for one, unknown.

[[File:Em7-Accelerator.jpg|thumb|The Exposed Accelerator]]
[[File:AEI EM7 1970 poster cellphone picture.png|thumb|Cross Section of the Electron Optical Column of the EM7]]
[[File:EM-7-Accelerator-Drawing-smol.jpg|thumb|left|Technical drawing of the Accelerator]]
== Description ==
The EM7 consists of 2 large Gas Insulated, Water Cooled (originally) High Voltage tanks. These are the High Voltage Cocraft Walton Multiplayer and Feed Transformer, the other the 24 Stage Accelerator, Electron Gun with its Accumulator Bank (NiMH was used), as well as some of the filtering for the high voltage supply.

The Cathodes where housed in a Turret containing <insert number here> cathodes. Changing these, required the entire High Voltage system be vented to atmosphere, and the accelerator tank opened using the machines Crane. The accelerator stack can be seen in a picture taken at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Physics. To facilitate this cathode change, the entire 1.25MV power supply was rolled away, thus unplugging the feed from the accelerator, and allowing the tank to be lifted.

It is unclear at this time to the author, weather the system used SF6 or Freon insulation gas for its High Voltage system.

The entire Accelerator and High Voltage structure was built onto a metal platform placed above the column and power supply's. This entire structure was in turn placed on the isolated Foundation of the Microscope, located a story lower. The entire machine occupies 4 to 5 stories of a building, owing to the need to move the tank cover, and the need to house the crane to do so.

[[Category:AEI]]

File:AEI EM7 1970 poster cellphone picture.png

2026-04-20T14:59:18Z

Lbochtler:

== Summary ==
JPEG Cellphone picture based scan of the poster showing the cross section of the EM7 column, printed in 1970. The original is presumed destroyed in April 2026, due to various reasons the museum was not able to procure the paper original, and the cellphone picture on which this scan was based on was never intended to be used for a scan, as it was planned to recover the original.

An attempt to recover the paper original are under way at time of this edit.

AEI

2026-03-07T16:06:05Z

Lbochtler: /* Transmition Electron Microscopes */

AEI, also known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Electrical_Industries Associated Electrical Industries] was a United Kingrom based Electrical engineering company which formed from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan-Vickers Metropolitan-Vickers]. They where the first company in the UK to produce Electron Microscopes.

= List of Models =
== Transmition Electron Microscopes ==
{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=EM 1|Microscope Picture File=|Year=1936|Successor=EM2|Magnification Range=|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=|System Weught=|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=|No. of Condensor Lenses=|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=|Obj. Lens Type=|No. of Proj. Lenses=|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=EM 2|Microscope Picture File=AEI-EM-2.png|Year=1946|Successor=EM-3|Magnification Range=|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=|System Weught=|Accelerator Type=Single Stage Electron Gun|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin|Acceleration Voltage=50 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=|No. of Condensor Lenses=|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=|Condensor Lens Type=Electromagnetic|Holder Type=|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=100|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=EM 3|Microscope Picture File=AEI-EM3.png|Year=1949|Successor=|Magnification Range=|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=|System Weught=|Accelerator Type=Single Stage Electron Gun|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin|Acceleration Voltage=25, 50, 75, 100 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=|No. of Condensor Lenses=1|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=|Condensor Lens Type=Electromagnetic|Holder Type=|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=50|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=2|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=EM 4|Microscope Picture File=AEI - EM4 - Agar.png|Year=1954|Successor=EM-6|Magnification Range=|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=|System Weught=|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=50 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=|No. of Condensor Lenses=1|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=|Condensor Lens Type=Electromagnetic|Holder Type=|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=100|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=2|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=EM 5|Microscope Picture File=AEI - EM5 - Agar.png|Year=1953|Successor=|Magnification Range=|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=|System Weught=|Accelerator Type=Cockroft Walton Accelerator|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin|Acceleration Voltage=500 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=|No. of Condensor Lenses=|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=|Condensor Lens Type=Electromagnetic|Holder Type=|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=EM 6|Microscope Picture File=AEI - EM6 - Agar.png|Year=1956|Successor=EM-6B|Magnification Range=|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=|System Weught=|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=|No. of Condensor Lenses=|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=10|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=EM 6M|Microscope Picture File=AEI - EM 6M - Meek.png|Year=1968|Successor=Corinth|Magnification Range=100 - 600x, 600 - 16Kx, 20Kx - 120Kx, 600 - 2500x|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=3 KVA|System Weught=1000 Kg|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=80 Kv, (30 / 40 / 50 / 60 / 80 KV) selectable at Factory|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=Mechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=Electrostatic Octopol|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=Electrostatic|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Cartridge|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=4 mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=Electrostatic Octopole|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=10|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=2|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=EM6B|Microscope Picture File=|Year=1964|Successor=EM-801|Magnification Range=|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=|System Weught=|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=30, 40, 50, 60, 80 KV, (120 KV)|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=3|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=2|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry
|Microscope Name=EM 7
|Microscope Picture File=AEI - EM7 - Goringe.png
|Year=1967
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weught=
|Accelerator Type=24 Stage Cockraft Walten Accelerator
|Cathode Type=6x Tungsten Hairpin
|Acceleration Voltage=100 - 1250 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|No. of Condensor Lenses=2
|Condensor Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Minimum Spot Size=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Holder Type=
|Travel Range=
|Obj. Focal Length=
|Obj. Adjustment Range=
|Obj. Spherical Error=
|Obj. Stability=
|Obj. Stigmator=
|Obj. Alignment Aid=
|Point Resolution=5
|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|No. of Proj. Lenses=4
|Proj. Stability=
|Proj. Polpiece Config=
|Proj. Mag=
|Proj. Alignment=
|Proj. Lens Type=
}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=EM 8|Microscope Picture File=AEI - EM 801 - meek.png|Year=1968|Successor=|Magnification Range=200 - 400 Kx|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=3 KVA|System Weught=1032|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=40, 60, 80 KV (120 KV Overvolt)|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=Mechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=Electrostatic Octopol|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=Mechanical & Electromagnetic|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Side Entry|Travel Range=Fixed|Obj. Focal Length=1.1 mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=Electrostatic Octopol|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=3|Obj. Lens Type=Immersion Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=2|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=EM 801|Microscope Picture File=AEI - EM 801 - meek.png|Year=1968|Successor=|Magnification Range=200 - 160 Kx|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=3 KVA|System Weught=1032|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=40, 60, 80 KV (120 KV Overvolt)|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=Mechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=Electrostatic Octopol|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=Mechanical & Electromagnetic|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Side Entry|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=2.8 mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=Electrostatic Octopol|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=5|Obj. Lens Type=Immersion Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=2|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=EM 802|Microscope Picture File=AEI - EM 801 - meek.png|Year=1968|Successor=|Magnification Range=200 - 160 Kx|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=3 KVA|System Weught=1032|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=40, 60, 80 KV (120 KV Overvolt)|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=Mechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=Electrostatic Octopol|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=Mechanical & Electromagnetic|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Top Entry|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=2.9 mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=Electrostatic Octopol|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=5|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=2|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=Corinth 275|Microscope Picture File=corinth|Year=C.a. 1974|Successor=|Magnification Range=|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=|System Weught=|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=|No. of Condensor Lenses=|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

[[Category:Electron Microscope]]
[[Category:Pages with broken file links]]

= old list =
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="row" colspan="10"|Transmission Electron Microscops
|-
! scope="row"| Model
! scope="row"| Year
! scope="row"| Accelerating Voltage
! scope="row"| Cathode Type
! scope="row"| Nr. of Condensor Lenses
! scope="row"| Nr. of Imaging Lenses
! scope="row"| Projective
! scope="row"| Resolution
! scope="row"| Successor
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EM-1]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1936
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EM-2]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EM-2]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1946
|style="text-align:center;"|50 KV
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tungsten Hairpin]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|2 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|Single Polpiece
|style="text-align:center;"|100
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EM-3]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EM-3]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1949
|style="text-align:center;"|25, 50, 75, 100 KV
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tungsten Hairpin]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|3 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|Single Polpiece
|style="text-align:center;"|50
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EM-3A]]
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tungsten Hairpin]]
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|Single Polpiece
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EM-6]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EM-4]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1954
|style="text-align:center;"|50 KV
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tungsten Hairping]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|style="text-align:center;"|Duble Gap Polpoiece
|style="text-align:center;"|100
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EM-6M]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EM-5]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1953
|style="text-align:center;"|500 KV
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|[[AEI EM-7 | EM-7]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EM-6]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1956
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|10
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EM-6B]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EM-6M]]
|style="text-align:center;"|ca. 1968
|style="text-align:center;"|80 KV (Factory selectable: 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 KV One only)
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tungsten Hairpin]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|3 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|Single Polpiece
|style="text-align:center;"|10
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Corinth]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EM-6B]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1964
|style="text-align:center;"|30, 40, 50, 60, 80 KV / (120 KV Overload)
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tungsten Hairpin]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|3 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|Single Polpiece
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EM-801]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EM-6G]]
|style="text-align:center;"|ca. 1964
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tungsten Hairpin]]
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EM.802]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[AEI EM-7 | EM-7]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1967
|style="text-align:center;"|100 KV - 1250 KV
|style="text-align:center;"|6 x [[Tungsten Hairpin]] in 24 Stage Cockraft Walten Accelerator
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|5
|style="text-align:center;"|None
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[AEI EM-8 | EM-8]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1968
|style="text-align:center;"|40, 60, 80 KV / (120 KV Overload)
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tungsten Hairpin]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|3 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|Single Polpiece
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|style="text-align:center;"|None
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EEM-801]] Biologists Version of [[AEI EM-8 | EM-8]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1968
|style="text-align:center;"|40, 60, 80 KV / (120 KV Overload)
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tungsten Hairpin]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|3 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|Single Polpiece
|style="text-align:center;"|5
|style="text-align:center;"|None
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EEM-802]] Metallurgists Version of [[AEI EM-8 | EM-8]]
|style="text-align:center;"|ca. 1968
|style="text-align:center;"|40, 60, 80, 100 KV / (120 KV Overload)
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tungsten Hairpin]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|3 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|Single Polpiece
|style="text-align:center;"|5
|style="text-align:center;"|None
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Corinth Clinical]]
|style="text-align:center;"|ca. 1974
|style="text-align:center;"|60 KV
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tungsten Hairpin]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|3 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|Single Polpiece
|style="text-align:center;"|10
|style="text-align:center;"|None
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Corinth 275]]
|style="text-align:center;"|ca. 1974
|style="text-align:center;"|60 KV
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tungsten Hairpin]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|3 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|Single Polpiece
|style="text-align:center;"|8
|style="text-align:center;"|None
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Corinth 500]]
|style="text-align:center;"|ca. 1974
|style="text-align:center;"|20, 40, 60, 80 KV
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tungsten Hairpin]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|3 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|Single Polpiece
|style="text-align:center;"|5
|style="text-align:center;"|None
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[CORA]
|style="text-align:center;"|ca. 1974
|style="text-align:center;"|20, 40, 60, 80 KV
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tungsten Hairpin]]
|style="text-align:center;"|3 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|3 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|Single Polpiece
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|None
|-
! scope="row" colspan="9"|Scanning Transmission Electron Microscops
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|STEM-1
|style="text-align:center;"|1975
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tungsten Hairpin]]
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|None
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|STEM-1176
|style="text-align:center;"|1974
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tungsten Hairpin]]
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|None
|-
! scope="row" colspan="9"|X-Ray Micro Analyzers
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[EMMA-4]] (modified [[EM-801]])
|style="text-align:center;"|1968
|style="text-align:center;"|40, 60, 80 KV / (120 KV Overload)
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tungsten Hairpin]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|3 Electromagnetic
|style="text-align:center;"|Single Polpiece
|style="text-align:center;"|5
|style="text-align:center;"|None
|}

[[Category:Electron Microscope]]
[[Category:Pages with broken file links]]

Cameca

2026-03-07T15:57:46Z

Lbochtler: added MEB 07

C.A.M.E.C.A (CAMECA) is a French maker of Electron Microscopes, Electron probe microanalyzers, ion beam devices, etc...

= Models =
== Scanning Electron Microscopes ==
{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=MEB 07
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20 - 100kx<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"> J. A. Swift, "Electron Microscopes", Laboratory Instruments and Techniques Series (Kogan ae London, Barnes and Nobel New York 1970), Tabel 1 </ref>
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 2 kV - 50 kV<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 0 - 8mm<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution= <20 nm <ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=
}}

Hitachi

2026-03-07T15:55:09Z

Lbochtler: added ssm-2

Hitachi is a multi sector Comapany based in Japan. Among its many products are Electron Microscopes, both of the Scanning and Transmission Veriaty. They are among the first company to Introduce and populerize the use of the Cold Field Emmision Electron source.

= Transmission Electron Microscopes =
The Transmission Electron Microscopes from Hitachi Started with the HU1.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Microscope Naming Convention
|-
!Prefix
!Full Prefix
!Description
|-
|HS
|?Hitachi Standard?
|Early Low to Mid Tier Transmission Electron Microscopes
|-
|HU
|Hitachi Universal
|Early Univeral Transmission Electron Microsocpes
|-
|HM
|?Hitachi Permanent Magnet?
|Early Permanent Magnet based Transmission Electron Microscopes
|-
|H
|?Hitachi?
|Later Transmission Electron Microscopes
|-
|HF
|?Hitachi Fieldemission?
|Later Field Emission Transmission Electron Microscopes
|-
|HFS
|?Hitachi Fieldemission Scanning?
|Early Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopes
|-
|S
|?Scanning?
|??Later?? Scanning Electron Microscopes
|-
|}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=HS-8|Microscope Picture File=Hitachi - HS 8 - Meek.png|Year=|Successor=HS-9|Magnification Range=1000x to 100Kx|Magnification Gauge Type=Galvanometer|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=2 KVA|System Weught=|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=25 KV, 50 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=DC|Alignment Methode=Mechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=Tilt|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Top Entery|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=3.5 mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=20%|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=Mechanical Azimuth, Electrical Amplitude|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=8|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=2|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=Prealigned|Proj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic (P1), Permanent Magnet (P2)}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=HS-9|Microscope Picture File=|Year=|Successor=H-300|Magnification Range=200x, 500x to 100Kx|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=2 KVA|System Weught=500 Kg|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=50 KV, 75KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=Mechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=Electromagnetic|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Top Entry|Travel Range=2mm|Obj. Focal Length=2mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=Octopol|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=4.5|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=2|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=Pre-Aligned|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=HU-11E|Microscope Picture File=Hitachi - HU-11E.png|Year=|Successor=HU-12A|Magnification Range=250x, 1000x to 300Kx (22 Steps)|Magnification Gauge Type=Direct Readout|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=3.5 KVA|System Weught=|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=25 KV, 50 Kv, 75 KV, 100 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=DC|Alignment Methode=|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=Tilt, Mechanical|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Top Entry|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=2.5mm, (5mm)|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=Quadropol, Centerable|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=3 to 5|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=2|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=2 Polpiece Turret|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=Centerable, Mechanical|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=HU-12A|Microscope Picture File=Hitachi - HU12A - Overview.jpg|Year=1973|Successor=H-500|Magnification Range=250x, 600 to 500Kx|Magnification Gauge Type=Digital|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=3.5 KVA|System Weught=1480 Kg|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=10 KV, 25 KV, 50 KV, 75 KV, 100 KV, 125 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=DC|Alignment Methode=Automatic Mechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=Quadropol|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=Electromagnetic|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Top Entry & Side Entry|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=2 mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=Quadropol|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=3|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=3|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=Mechanical|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=H-300|Microscope Picture File=|Year=c.a. 1981|Successor=|Magnification Range=250x to 100Kx|Magnification Gauge Type=Digital|Specemin Chamber Pressure=10e-5 Torr|Power Consumption=|System Weught=|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=75 KV|Stability=5e-6/min|Cathode Heating Methode=DC|Alignment Methode=|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=2.5e-5/min|Condensor Stigmator=|Minimum Spot Size=5 µm|Condensor Alignment=Electromagnetic|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Side Entry|Travel Range=+-1 mm|Obj. Focal Length=2.6 mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=2.8 mm|Obj. Stability=10e-5/min|Obj. Stigmator=Quadropol|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=7|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=2|Proj. Stability=10e-5/min|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=Mecanical|Proj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic (P1), Permanent Magnet (P2)}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=H-500|Microscope Picture File=|Year=C.a. 1981|Successor=|Magnification Range=100x to 800x|Magnification Gauge Type=Digital|Specemin Chamber Pressure=5e-6 Torr|Power Consumption=|System Weught=|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=10 KV, 25 KV, 75 KV, 100 KV, 125 KV|Stability=2e-6/min|Cathode Heating Methode=DC|Alignment Methode=|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=1e-6/min|Condensor Stigmator=Quadropol|Minimum Spot Size=500nm|Condensor Alignment=|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Top Entry & Side Entry|Travel Range=+-1 mm|Obj. Focal Length=1.9 mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=0.3 µm|Obj. Spherical Error=1.7 mm|Obj. Stability=1e-6/min|Obj. Stigmator=Quadropol|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=3 / 7|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=3|Proj. Stability=5e-6/min (P1), 1e-5 (P2, P3)|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=Mechanical|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=H-700|Microscope Picture File=|Year=C.a. 1981|Successor=|Magnification Range=200x to 300x|Magnification Gauge Type=Digital|Specemin Chamber Pressure=5e-6 Torr|Power Consumption=|System Weught=|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=75 KV, 100 KV, 150 KV, 175 KV, 200 KV|Stability=2e-6/min|Cathode Heating Methode=DC|Alignment Methode=|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=1e-6/min|Condensor Stigmator=Quadropol|Minimum Spot Size=500nm|Condensor Alignment=|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Top Entry & Side Entry|Travel Range=+-1 mm|Obj. Focal Length=3.8 mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=0.3 µm|Obj. Spherical Error=3.6 mm|Obj. Stability=1e-6/min|Obj. Stigmator=Quadropol|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=3 / 7|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=3|Proj. Stability=5e-6/min (P1), 1e-5 (P2, P3)|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=Mechanical|Proj. Lens Type=}}

c.a. 1966
HU-500 : 500KV
HU-650 : 650KV
HU-1000 : 1MV
HU-3000 : 3MV

HS-7 Permanent magnet Hybrid Permanent and electromagnetic objective and condensor, p1 electromagnetic p2 permanent magnet

HFS-2: First Practical commercial Field emission Scanning Electron Microscope : 1972

= Scanning Electron Microscope =
= Thermionic =
{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=SSM-2
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20 - 20kx<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"> J. A. Swift, "Electron Microscopes", Laboratory Instruments and Techniques Series (Kogan ae London, Barnes and Nobel New York 1970), Tabel 1 </ref>
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 20 kV<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 1<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 0 - 15mm<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution= <20 nm <ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=
}}

== Field Emission ==
{{#DeviceInfoBox2:tem|HFS-2||
year=1972;
accel=Crewe Electron Gun;
cath_type=Cold Field Emission;
conl_type=Electromagnetic;
objl_type=Electromagnetic;
successor=S-800;
|}}
{{#DeviceInfoBox2:sem|S-800|File:Hitachi-s800-overview-color.jpg|
year=1986;
accel=Crewe Electron Gun;
accel_volt=100V, 1KV - 30KV;
cath_type=Cold Field Emission;
cond_lens=1 Electromagnetic;
obj_lens=Pinhole Electromagnetic;
apt_holder=3 pos. Strip;
res=2 nm;
stig=2x Octopol, Electromagnetic;
def=Double Electromagnetic;
|}}

[[Category:Electron Microscope]]

= Documentation =
Full list of all documents related to the Hitachi Electron Microscopes.
== Transmission Electron Microscopes ==
{{#tree:
*[[Hitachi HU-12A|HU-12A]]
**Accessoires
***{"icon":false}{{#l:Hitachi - HSE-2 - Scanning Electron Image Accessory - Instruction manual - compressed.pdf|HSE-2 Scanning Electron Image Accessory Instruction manual}}
**Promotional
***{"icon":false}{{#l:Hitachi - Technical Data - EM - Sheet No 18 - Effect of using Model HK-6 Large Angle Tilting Device in observations of Biological Specimens.pdf|Technical Data - EM - Sheet No. 18 - Effect of using Model HK-6 Large Angle Tilting Device in observations of Biological Specimens}}
***{"icon":false}{{#l:Hitachi - HU-12A - Brochure.pdf|HU-12A - Brochure}}
}}

== Scanning Electron Microscopes ==
{{#tree:
*[[Hitachi S800|S-800]]
**Manuals
***{"icon":false}{{#l:Hitachi-S800-Manual.pdf|S-800 Manual}}
**Schematics
***{"icon":false}{{#l:Hitachi-S-800-Schematics.pdf|S-800 Schematics}}
}}

[[Category:Electron Microscope]]

JEOL

2026-03-07T15:54:40Z

Lbochtler: /* Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) */

JEOL is an abreviation for "Japanese Electron Optical Laboretory" which was one of Japans first Electron Microscope makers. They are famous for many inovations and machines, including commercialization of the Spherical Abberation Corrector based on the principles of Scherzers [[Darmstadt Korrektor]], as well as building the largest commercial Electron Microscopes ever made.

= Transmission Electron Microscopes =
{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM-30|Microscope Picture File=JEOL - JEM 50B - Meek.png|Year=|Successor=Unkown|Magnification Range=2000x, 3000x, 4000x|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=1 KVA|System Weught=400 lbs|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=30 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=Mechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=0|Condensor Stability=N/A|Condensor Stigmator=N/A|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=N/A|Condensor Lens Type=N/A|Holder Type=Side Entery rod|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=100|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=1|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM-30B|Microscope Picture File=JEOL - JEM 50B - Meek.png|Year=|Successor=Unkown|Magnification Range=2000x, 3000x, 4000x|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=1 KVA|System Weught=400 lbs|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=30 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=Mechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=0|Condensor Stability=N/A|Condensor Stigmator=N/A|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=N/A|Condensor Lens Type=N/A|Holder Type=Side Entery rod|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=100|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=1|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM-50B|Microscope Picture File=JEOL - JEM 50B - Meek.png|Year=|Successor=Unkown|Magnification Range=2000x, 3000x, 4000x|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=1 KVA|System Weught=500 lbs|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=50 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=Mechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=0|Condensor Stability=N/A|Condensor Stigmator=N/A|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=N/A|Condensor Lens Type=N/A|Holder Type=Side Entery rod|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=100|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=1|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM T-7|Microscope Picture File=JEOL - JEM T7 - MEEK.png|Year=|Successor=|Magnification Range=120x, 600x - 80Kx|Magnification Gauge Type=Mechanical|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=2 KVA|System Weught=|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=60 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=|No. of Condensor Lenses=1|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=N/A|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=Mechanical|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Top Entery Cartridge|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=Quadropol|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=10|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=2|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM-7A|Microscope Picture File=JEOL - JEM 7A - Meek.png|Year=|Successor=|Magnification Range=120x, 600x - 250Kx|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=4.5 KVA|System Weught=3260lbs (column), 770 lbs (Powersupply), 143 lbs (pumps)|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=50, 80, 100 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=HF|Alignment Methode=Mechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=Mechanical|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Top Entery Cartridge|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=3 mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=Octopol, Centerable|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=4.5 - 6|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=2|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM-100B|Microscope Picture File=JEOL - JEM 100B - Meek.png|Year=|Successor=|Magnification Range=190x, 5Kx, 500x - 500Kx|Magnification Gauge Type=Digital|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=4.5 KVA|System Weught=1000 lbs (console), 800 lbs (powersupply), 100 lbs (pumpbox)|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=20, 40, 60, 80, 100 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=DC|Alignment Methode=Mechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=Octopol|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=Electromagnetic|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Top Entery Cartridge|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=1.6 mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=Quadropol|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=3|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=3|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM-100C|Microscope Picture File=|Year=|Successor=|Magnification Range=90, 250, 500, 750x, 1050x - 800Kx (HR Stage), 660-500Kx (TEG), 330-250Kx (SEG)|Magnification Gauge Type=Digital|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=4.5 KVA|System Weught=1655Kg|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=DC|Alignment Methode=Electromechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=quadropol|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Top Entery Cartridge|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=1.6mm (HR), 3.1 mm (TEG), 5 mm (SEG)|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=|Obj. Alignment Aid=Wobbler|Point Resolution=1.4|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=3|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

JEM-7 : 1968
JEM-1000 D/S 1966

= short list =
The lists below include most but not all microscopes and analytical machines created by JEOL since its founding up until 1999, based on a graphic from that time. More models will be added as new information is made available to the Museum.
== Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) ==
* JEM-1: 1950
* JEM-4A: 1952
* JEM-4B: 1953
* JEM-5G: 1955
* JEM-T4: 1955
* JEM-5Y: 1959
* JEM-6A: 1961
* JEM-6C: 1961
* JEM-T6: 1961
* JEM-30: 1963
* JEM-7: 1964
* JEM-T7: 1965
* JEM-1000: 1966
* JEM-200: 1967
* JEM-T80B: 1969
* JEM-T8: 1971
* JEM-100B: 1972
* JEM-100C: 1973
* JEM-500D: 1973
* JEM-100S: 1974
* JEM-100CX: 1976
* JEM-200CX: 1978
* JEM-1200EX: 1981
* JEM-ARM1000: 1982
* JEM-2000EX: 1984
* JEM-2000FX: 1984
* JEM-4000EX: 1984
* JEM-4000FX: 1985
* JEM-200FXV: 1986
* JEM-2000SCM: 1986
* JEM-2010: 1989
* JEM-3010: 1990
* JEM-1210: 1990
* JEM-1010: 1991
* JEM-2010F: 1993
* JEM-1220: 1995
* JEM-4010: 1996
* JEM-ARM1250: 1997
* JEM-2010FEF: 1998
* JEM-1230: 1998

== Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) ==

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=JSM-2
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year= 1967
|Successor= JSM-U3
|Magnification Range= 100 - 100kx<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"> J. A. Swift, "Electron Microscopes", Laboratory Instruments and Techniques Series (Kogan ae London, Barnes and Nobel New York 1970), Tabel 1 </ref>
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 5 kV - 50 kV<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 1<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 0 - 10mm<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution= <20 nm <ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=JSM-U3
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year= 1969
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 22 - 140kx<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 5 kV - 50 kV<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 1<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 0 - 32mm<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution= <20 nm <ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=
}}
{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=JSM-51
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year= 1970
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 13.5 - 100kx<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 4 kV, 10 kV<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 1<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 0 - 10mm<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution= <25 nm <ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=
}}

*JSM-1: 1966
*JSM-2: 1967
*JSM-U3: 1969
*JSM-50A: 1970
*JSM-35: 1973
*JSFM-30: 1974
*JSM-T20: 1976
*JSM-25: 1977
*JSM-F7: 1977
*JSM-1200: 1978
*JSM-840: 1982
*JSM-T300: 1982
*JSM-8?0: 1984
*JSM-820: 1986
*JSM-890: 1987
*JSM-840F: 1988
*JSM-5200: 1988
*JSM-6100: 1989
*JSM-6400F: 1989
*JSM-5300: 1989
*JSM-5400: 1989
*JSM-6300F: 1990
*JSM-6600F: 1990
*JSM-5800: 1993
*JSM-6320F: 1994
*JSM-6340F: 1996
*JSM-5600: 1997

[[Category:EM Templates]]
[[Category:Electron Microscope]]

== Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA) ==
* JXA-1: 1961
* JXA-5: 1969
* JXA-733: 1978
* JXA-8600: 1986
* JXA-8800: 1991
* JXA-8900: 1992

[[Category:Electron Microscope]]

= High Voltage Electron Microsocpes =
{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM-4000FX (AHP40S)|Microscope Picture File=JEOL-JEM4000FX-system.jpg|Year=1986|Successor=JEM-4100|Magnification Range=60x-3Kx, 5Kx - 1.2Mx|Magnification Gauge Type=Digital|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=20 KVA|System Weught=4300 Kg (Console), 500 Kg (Powersupply)|Accelerator Type= 14 stage Electrostatic LINAC|Cathode Type=LaB6|Acceleration Voltage=200 KV, 250 KV 300 KV, 350 KV, 400 KV, 100V Steps|Stability=2e-6/min|Cathode Heating Methode=DC|Alignment Methode=Electromagnetic|No. of Condensor Lenses=3 (5)|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=Octopol|Minimum Spot Size=2µm - 2nm|Condensor Alignment=Electromagnetic|Condensor Lens Type=Electromagnetic|Holder Type=Side Entery rod|Travel Range=8 mm (x), 2 mm (y), 0.5 mm (z)|Obj. Focal Length=3.1 mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=1.8 mm|Obj. Stability=1e-6/min|Obj. Stigmator=Quadropol|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=1.4|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=5|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=Mechanical, Electromagnetic|Proj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM-4000FX (AHP40L)|Microscope Picture File=JEOL-JEM4000FX-system.jpg|Year=1986|Successor=JEM-4100|Magnification Range=60x-3Kx, 5Kx - 800Kx|Magnification Gauge Type=Digital|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=20 KVA|System Weught=4300 Kg (Console), 500 Kg (Powersupply)|Accelerator Type= 14 stage Electrostatic LINAC|Cathode Type=LaB6|Acceleration Voltage=100 Kv, 150 KV,200 KV, 250 KV 300 KV, 350 KV, 400 KV, 100V Steps|Stability=2e-6/min|Cathode Heating Methode=DC|Alignment Methode=Electromagnetic|No. of Condensor Lenses=3 (5)|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=Octopol|Minimum Spot Size=2µm - 2nm|Condensor Alignment=Electromagnetic|Condensor Lens Type=Electromagnetic|Holder Type=Side Entery rod|Travel Range=8 mm (x), 2 mm (y), 0.5 mm (z)|Obj. Focal Length=4.4 mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=3.4 mm|Obj. Stability=1e-6/min|Obj. Stigmator=Quadropol|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=1.4|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=5|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=Mechanical, Electromagnetic|Proj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic}}

[[Category:Electron Microscope]]

JEOL

2026-03-07T15:52:57Z

Lbochtler: added JSM-2, JSM-U3, JSM51

JEOL is an abreviation for "Japanese Electron Optical Laboretory" which was one of Japans first Electron Microscope makers. They are famous for many inovations and machines, including commercialization of the Spherical Abberation Corrector based on the principles of Scherzers [[Darmstadt Korrektor]], as well as building the largest commercial Electron Microscopes ever made.

= Transmission Electron Microscopes =
{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM-30|Microscope Picture File=JEOL - JEM 50B - Meek.png|Year=|Successor=Unkown|Magnification Range=2000x, 3000x, 4000x|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=1 KVA|System Weught=400 lbs|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=30 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=Mechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=0|Condensor Stability=N/A|Condensor Stigmator=N/A|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=N/A|Condensor Lens Type=N/A|Holder Type=Side Entery rod|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=100|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=1|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM-30B|Microscope Picture File=JEOL - JEM 50B - Meek.png|Year=|Successor=Unkown|Magnification Range=2000x, 3000x, 4000x|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=1 KVA|System Weught=400 lbs|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=30 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=Mechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=0|Condensor Stability=N/A|Condensor Stigmator=N/A|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=N/A|Condensor Lens Type=N/A|Holder Type=Side Entery rod|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=100|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=1|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM-50B|Microscope Picture File=JEOL - JEM 50B - Meek.png|Year=|Successor=Unkown|Magnification Range=2000x, 3000x, 4000x|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=1 KVA|System Weught=500 lbs|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=50 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=Mechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=0|Condensor Stability=N/A|Condensor Stigmator=N/A|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=N/A|Condensor Lens Type=N/A|Holder Type=Side Entery rod|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=100|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=1|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM T-7|Microscope Picture File=JEOL - JEM T7 - MEEK.png|Year=|Successor=|Magnification Range=120x, 600x - 80Kx|Magnification Gauge Type=Mechanical|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=2 KVA|System Weught=|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=60 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=|Alignment Methode=|No. of Condensor Lenses=1|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=N/A|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=Mechanical|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Top Entery Cartridge|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=Quadropol|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=10|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=2|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM-7A|Microscope Picture File=JEOL - JEM 7A - Meek.png|Year=|Successor=|Magnification Range=120x, 600x - 250Kx|Magnification Gauge Type=|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=4.5 KVA|System Weught=3260lbs (column), 770 lbs (Powersupply), 143 lbs (pumps)|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=50, 80, 100 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=HF|Alignment Methode=Mechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=Mechanical|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Top Entery Cartridge|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=3 mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=Octopol, Centerable|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=4.5 - 6|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=2|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM-100B|Microscope Picture File=JEOL - JEM 100B - Meek.png|Year=|Successor=|Magnification Range=190x, 5Kx, 500x - 500Kx|Magnification Gauge Type=Digital|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=4.5 KVA|System Weught=1000 lbs (console), 800 lbs (powersupply), 100 lbs (pumpbox)|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=20, 40, 60, 80, 100 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=DC|Alignment Methode=Mechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=Octopol|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=Electromagnetic|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Top Entery Cartridge|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=1.6 mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=Quadropol|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=3|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=3|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM-100C|Microscope Picture File=|Year=|Successor=|Magnification Range=90, 250, 500, 750x, 1050x - 800Kx (HR Stage), 660-500Kx (TEG), 330-250Kx (SEG)|Magnification Gauge Type=Digital|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=4.5 KVA|System Weught=1655Kg|Accelerator Type=|Cathode Type=|Acceleration Voltage=20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 KV|Stability=|Cathode Heating Methode=DC|Alignment Methode=Electromechanical|No. of Condensor Lenses=2|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=quadropol|Minimum Spot Size=|Condensor Alignment=|Condensor Lens Type=|Holder Type=Top Entery Cartridge|Travel Range=|Obj. Focal Length=1.6mm (HR), 3.1 mm (TEG), 5 mm (SEG)|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=|Obj. Stability=|Obj. Stigmator=|Obj. Alignment Aid=Wobbler|Point Resolution=1.4|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=3|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=|Proj. Lens Type=}}

JEM-7 : 1968
JEM-1000 D/S 1966

= short list =
The lists below include most but not all microscopes and analytical machines created by JEOL since its founding up until 1999, based on a graphic from that time. More models will be added as new information is made available to the Museum.
== Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) ==
* JEM-1: 1950
* JEM-4A: 1952
* JEM-4B: 1953
* JEM-5G: 1955
* JEM-T4: 1955
* JEM-5Y: 1959
* JEM-6A: 1961
* JEM-6C: 1961
* JEM-T6: 1961
* JEM-30: 1963
* JEM-7: 1964
* JEM-T7: 1965
* JEM-1000: 1966
* JEM-200: 1967
* JEM-T80B: 1969
* JEM-T8: 1971
* JEM-100B: 1972
* JEM-100C: 1973
* JEM-500D: 1973
* JEM-100S: 1974
* JEM-100CX: 1976
* JEM-200CX: 1978
* JEM-1200EX: 1981
* JEM-ARM1000: 1982
* JEM-2000EX: 1984
* JEM-2000FX: 1984
* JEM-4000EX: 1984
* JEM-4000FX: 1985
* JEM-200FXV: 1986
* JEM-2000SCM: 1986
* JEM-2010: 1989
* JEM-3010: 1990
* JEM-1210: 1990
* JEM-1010: 1991
* JEM-2010F: 1993
* JEM-1220: 1995
* JEM-4010: 1996
* JEM-ARM1250: 1997
* JEM-2010FEF: 1998
* JEM-1230: 1998

== Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) ==

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=JSM-2
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year= 1967
|Successor= JSM-U3
|Magnification Range= 100 - 100kx<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"> J. A. Swift, "Electron Microscopes", Laboratory Instruments and Techniques Series (Kogan ae London, Barnes and Nobel New York 1970), Tabel 1 </ref>
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 5 kV - 50 kV<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 1<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 0 - 10mm<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution= <20 nm <ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=JSM-U3
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year= 1969
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 22 - 140kx<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 5 kV - 50 kV<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 0 - 32mm<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution= <20 nm <ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=
}}
{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=JSM-51
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year= 1970
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 13.5 - 100kx<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 4 kV, 10 kV<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 0 - 10mm<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution= <25 nm <ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=
}}

*JSM-1: 1966
*JSM-2: 1967
*JSM-U3: 1969
*JSM-50A: 1970
*JSM-35: 1973
*JSFM-30: 1974
*JSM-T20: 1976
*JSM-25: 1977
*JSM-F7: 1977
*JSM-1200: 1978
*JSM-840: 1982
*JSM-T300: 1982
*JSM-8?0: 1984
*JSM-820: 1986
*JSM-890: 1987
*JSM-840F: 1988
*JSM-5200: 1988
*JSM-6100: 1989
*JSM-6400F: 1989
*JSM-5300: 1989
*JSM-5400: 1989
*JSM-6300F: 1990
*JSM-6600F: 1990
*JSM-5800: 1993
*JSM-6320F: 1994
*JSM-6340F: 1996
*JSM-5600: 1997

[[Category:Electron Microscope]]

== Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA) ==
* JXA-1: 1961
* JXA-5: 1969
* JXA-733: 1978
* JXA-8600: 1986
* JXA-8800: 1991
* JXA-8900: 1992

[[Category:Electron Microscope]]

= High Voltage Electron Microsocpes =
{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM-4000FX (AHP40S)|Microscope Picture File=JEOL-JEM4000FX-system.jpg|Year=1986|Successor=JEM-4100|Magnification Range=60x-3Kx, 5Kx - 1.2Mx|Magnification Gauge Type=Digital|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=20 KVA|System Weught=4300 Kg (Console), 500 Kg (Powersupply)|Accelerator Type= 14 stage Electrostatic LINAC|Cathode Type=LaB6|Acceleration Voltage=200 KV, 250 KV 300 KV, 350 KV, 400 KV, 100V Steps|Stability=2e-6/min|Cathode Heating Methode=DC|Alignment Methode=Electromagnetic|No. of Condensor Lenses=3 (5)|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=Octopol|Minimum Spot Size=2µm - 2nm|Condensor Alignment=Electromagnetic|Condensor Lens Type=Electromagnetic|Holder Type=Side Entery rod|Travel Range=8 mm (x), 2 mm (y), 0.5 mm (z)|Obj. Focal Length=3.1 mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=1.8 mm|Obj. Stability=1e-6/min|Obj. Stigmator=Quadropol|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=1.4|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=5|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=Mechanical, Electromagnetic|Proj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic}}

{{Tem list entry|Microscope Name=JEM-4000FX (AHP40L)|Microscope Picture File=JEOL-JEM4000FX-system.jpg|Year=1986|Successor=JEM-4100|Magnification Range=60x-3Kx, 5Kx - 800Kx|Magnification Gauge Type=Digital|Specemin Chamber Pressure=|Power Consumption=20 KVA|System Weught=4300 Kg (Console), 500 Kg (Powersupply)|Accelerator Type= 14 stage Electrostatic LINAC|Cathode Type=LaB6|Acceleration Voltage=100 Kv, 150 KV,200 KV, 250 KV 300 KV, 350 KV, 400 KV, 100V Steps|Stability=2e-6/min|Cathode Heating Methode=DC|Alignment Methode=Electromagnetic|No. of Condensor Lenses=3 (5)|Condensor Stability=|Condensor Stigmator=Octopol|Minimum Spot Size=2µm - 2nm|Condensor Alignment=Electromagnetic|Condensor Lens Type=Electromagnetic|Holder Type=Side Entery rod|Travel Range=8 mm (x), 2 mm (y), 0.5 mm (z)|Obj. Focal Length=4.4 mm|Obj. Adjustment Range=|Obj. Spherical Error=3.4 mm|Obj. Stability=1e-6/min|Obj. Stigmator=Quadropol|Obj. Alignment Aid=|Point Resolution=1.4|Obj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic|No. of Proj. Lenses=5|Proj. Stability=|Proj. Polpiece Config=Single Polpiece|Proj. Mag=|Proj. Alignment=Mechanical, Electromagnetic|Proj. Lens Type=Electromagnetic}}

[[Category:Electron Microscope]]

Materials Analysis Company

2026-03-07T15:46:03Z

Lbochtler: added the model 700

Materials Analysis Company was a USA based maker of Scanning Electron Microscopes

= Models =

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=700
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 10 - 100kx<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"> J. A. Swift, "Electron Microscopes", Laboratory Instruments and Techniques Series (Kogan ae London, Barnes and Nobel New York 1970), Tabel 1 </ref>
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 1.5 kV - 30 kV<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 0 - 50mm<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution= <20 nm <ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=
}}

Ultrascan Corporation U.S.A.

2026-03-07T15:45:29Z

Lbochtler:

Ultrascan Corporation U.S.A. was a USA based maker of Scanning Electron Microscopes.

= Models =

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Ultrascan SM-2
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 10 - 100kx<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"> J. A. Swift, "Electron Microscopes", Laboratory Instruments and Techniques Series (Kogan ae London, Barnes and Nobel New York 1970), Tabel 1 </ref>
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 1 kV - 30 kV<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 0 - 25mm<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution= <20 nm <ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"/>
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=
}}

[[Category:EM Templates]]

Main Page

2026-03-07T15:43:22Z

Lbochtler: /* Short Content List */

[[File:Elmiskop1-Front-Brochure.jpg|thumb|The Siemens [[Elmiskop 1]] Transmission Electron Microscope]]
The Microscopy wiki is dedicated to archiving and cataloging every microscope ever created by man, as well as their associated documentation, as well as some example images.
[[File:Autoscan Column.jpg|thumb|left|The Column of the [[ETEC Autoscan]] [[Scanning Electron Microscope]] with opened Sample Chamber]]
== Short Content List ==

=== Microsocpes ===
{{#tree:
*[[Light Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Light Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ernst Leitz Wetzlar]]
{{#dpl:category=Leitz LM|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Electron Microscope]]
**[[Siemens]]
{{#dpl:category=Siemens|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Carl Zeiss]]
{{#dpl:category=Zeiss|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[JEOL]]
{{#dpl:category=JEOL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Hitachi]]
{{#dpl:category=Hitachi|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Philips]]
{{#dpl:category=Philips|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[FEI]]
{{#dpl:category=FEI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Tesla]]
{{#dpl:category=Tesla|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Tescan]]
{{#dpl:category=Tescan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[AEI]]
{{#dpl:category=AEI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Cambridge]]
{{#dpl:category=Cambridge|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[RCA]]
{{#dpl:category=RCA|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[ISI]]
{{#dpl:category=ISI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Etec Corporation|ETEC]]
{{#dpl:category=ETEC|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Amray]]
{{#dpl:category=Amray|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ernst Leitz Wetzlar]]
{{#dpl:category=Leitz|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Nanometrix]]
{{#dpl:category=Nanometrix|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie]]
{{#dpl:category=Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Trüb Täuber & Co]]
{{#dpl:category=Trüb Täuber & Co|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Plessey]]
{{#dpl:category=Plessey|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Bosch]]
{{#dpl:category=Bosch|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[RJ Lee]]
{{#dpl:category=RJ Lee|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Aspex]]
{{#dpl:category=Aspex|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[ARL]]
{{#dpl:category=ARL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Electroscan]]
{{#dpl:category=Electroscan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Camica]]
{{#dpl:category=Cameca|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Cameca]]
{{#dpl:category=CamScan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[SELMI]]
{{#dpl:category=SELMI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Quantum Design]]
{{#dpl:category=Quantum Design|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ultrascan Corporation U.S.A.]]
{{#dpl:category=Ultrascan Corporation U.S.A.|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Materials Analysis Company]]
{{#dpl:category=Materials Analysis Company|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

*[[Electron Beam Lithography]]
{{#dpl:category=Electron Beam Lithography|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[IBM]]
{{#dpl:category=IBM|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[JEOL]]
{{#dpl:category=JEOL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

*[[Ion Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Ion Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Xray Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Xray Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

=== Other ===
{{#tree:
*[[Microtome]]
{{#dpl:category=Microtome|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Ultramicrotome]]
{{#dpl:category=Ultramicrotome|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Evaporator]]
{{#dpl:category=Evaporator|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Sputter Coater]]
{{#dpl:category=Sputter Coater|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Cryo Equipment]]
**[[Reichert & Jung]]
{{#dpl:category=Reichert & Jung - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
***[[KF80|KF80 - Plunge Freezer]]
*[[Vacuum Equipment]]
**[[Leybold]]
{{#dpl:category=Leybold - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Hreaeus]]
{{#dpl:category=Hreaeus - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Leybold Hreaeus]]
{{#dpl:category=Leybold Hreaeus - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

**[[Alcatel]]
{{#dpl:category=Alcatel|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Pfeifer]]
{{#dpl:category=Pfeifer|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Vacubrand]]
{{#dpl:category=Vacubrand|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Edwards]]
{{#dpl:category=Edwards|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Sargent Welsh]]
{{#dpl:category=Sargent Welsh|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

=== Researchers ===
{{#tree:
*Germany
{{#dpl:category=German Researcher|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

[[Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function]]

= Recent Changes =

<news/>

[[Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function]]

Main Page

2026-03-07T15:42:31Z

Lbochtler:

[[File:Elmiskop1-Front-Brochure.jpg|thumb|The Siemens [[Elmiskop 1]] Transmission Electron Microscope]]
The Microscopy wiki is dedicated to archiving and cataloging every microscope ever created by man, as well as their associated documentation, as well as some example images.
[[File:Autoscan Column.jpg|thumb|left|The Column of the [[ETEC Autoscan]] [[Scanning Electron Microscope]] with opened Sample Chamber]]
== Short Content List ==

=== Microsocpes ===
{{#tree:
*[[Light Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Light Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ernst Leitz Wetzlar]]
{{#dpl:category=Leitz LM|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Electron Microscope]]
**[[Siemens]]
{{#dpl:category=Siemens|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Carl Zeiss]]
{{#dpl:category=Zeiss|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[JEOL]]
{{#dpl:category=JEOL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Hitachi]]
{{#dpl:category=Hitachi|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Philips]]
{{#dpl:category=Philips|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[FEI]]
{{#dpl:category=FEI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Tesla]]
{{#dpl:category=Tesla|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Tescan]]
{{#dpl:category=Tescan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[AEI]]
{{#dpl:category=AEI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Cambridge]]
{{#dpl:category=Cambridge|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[RCA]]
{{#dpl:category=RCA|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[ISI]]
{{#dpl:category=ISI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Etec Corporation|ETEC]]
{{#dpl:category=ETEC|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Amray]]
{{#dpl:category=Amray|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ernst Leitz Wetzlar]]
{{#dpl:category=Leitz|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Nanometrix]]
{{#dpl:category=Nanometrix|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie]]
{{#dpl:category=Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Trüb Täuber & Co]]
{{#dpl:category=Trüb Täuber & Co|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Plessey]]
{{#dpl:category=Plessey|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Bosch]]
{{#dpl:category=Bosch|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[RJ Lee]]
{{#dpl:category=RJ Lee|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Aspex]]
{{#dpl:category=Aspex|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[ARL]]
{{#dpl:category=ARL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Electroscan]]
{{#dpl:category=Electroscan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Camica]]
{{#dpl:category=Cameca|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Cameca]]
{{#dpl:category=CamScan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[SELMI]]
{{#dpl:category=SELMI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Quantum Design]]
{{#dpl:category=Quantum Design|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ultrascan Corporation U.S.A]]
{{#dpl:category=Ultrascan Corporation U.S.A.|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Materials Analysis Company]]
{{#dpl:category=Materials Analysis Company|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

*[[Electron Beam Lithography]]
{{#dpl:category=Electron Beam Lithography|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[IBM]]
{{#dpl:category=IBM|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[JEOL]]
{{#dpl:category=JEOL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

*[[Ion Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Ion Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Xray Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Xray Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

=== Other ===
{{#tree:
*[[Microtome]]
{{#dpl:category=Microtome|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Ultramicrotome]]
{{#dpl:category=Ultramicrotome|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Evaporator]]
{{#dpl:category=Evaporator|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Sputter Coater]]
{{#dpl:category=Sputter Coater|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Cryo Equipment]]
**[[Reichert & Jung]]
{{#dpl:category=Reichert & Jung - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
***[[KF80|KF80 - Plunge Freezer]]
*[[Vacuum Equipment]]
**[[Leybold]]
{{#dpl:category=Leybold - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Hreaeus]]
{{#dpl:category=Hreaeus - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Leybold Hreaeus]]
{{#dpl:category=Leybold Hreaeus - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

**[[Alcatel]]
{{#dpl:category=Alcatel|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Pfeifer]]
{{#dpl:category=Pfeifer|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Vacubrand]]
{{#dpl:category=Vacubrand|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Edwards]]
{{#dpl:category=Edwards|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Sargent Welsh]]
{{#dpl:category=Sargent Welsh|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

=== Researchers ===
{{#tree:
*Germany
{{#dpl:category=German Researcher|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

= Recent Changes =

<news/>

[[Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function]]

Main Page

2026-03-07T15:41:53Z

Lbochtler: added Materials Analysis Company

[[File:Elmiskop1-Front-Brochure.jpg|thumb|The Siemens [[Elmiskop 1]] Transmission Electron Microscope]]
The Microscopy wiki is dedicated to archiving and cataloging every microscope ever created by man, as well as their associated documentation, as well as some example images.
[[File:Autoscan Column.jpg|thumb|left|The Column of the [[ETEC Autoscan]] [[Scanning Electron Microscope]] with opened Sample Chamber]]
== Short Content List ==

=== Microsocpes ===
{{#tree:
*[[Light Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Light Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ernst Leitz Wetzlar]]
{{#dpl:category=Leitz LM|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Electron Microscope]]
**[[Siemens]]
{{#dpl:category=Siemens|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Carl Zeiss]]
{{#dpl:category=Zeiss|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[JEOL]]
{{#dpl:category=JEOL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Hitachi]]
{{#dpl:category=Hitachi|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Philips]]
{{#dpl:category=Philips|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[FEI]]
{{#dpl:category=FEI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Tesla]]
{{#dpl:category=Tesla|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Tescan]]
{{#dpl:category=Tescan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[AEI]]
{{#dpl:category=AEI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Cambridge]]
{{#dpl:category=Cambridge|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[RCA]]
{{#dpl:category=RCA|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[ISI]]
{{#dpl:category=ISI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Etec Corporation|ETEC]]
{{#dpl:category=ETEC|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Amray]]
{{#dpl:category=Amray|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ernst Leitz Wetzlar]]
{{#dpl:category=Leitz|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Nanometrix]]
{{#dpl:category=Nanometrix|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie]]
{{#dpl:category=Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Trüb Täuber & Co]]
{{#dpl:category=Trüb Täuber & Co|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Plessey]]
{{#dpl:category=Plessey|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Bosch]]
{{#dpl:category=Bosch|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[RJ Lee]]
{{#dpl:category=RJ Lee|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Aspex]]
{{#dpl:category=Aspex|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[ARL]]
{{#dpl:category=ARL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Electroscan]]
{{#dpl:category=Electroscan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Camica]]
{{#dpl:category=Cameca|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Cameca]]
{{#dpl:category=CamScan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[SELMI]]
{{#dpl:category=SELMI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Quantum Design]]
{{#dpl:category=Quantum Design|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ultrascan Corporation U.S.A]]
{{#dpl:category=Ultrascan Corporation U.S.A.|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Materials Analysis Company]]
{{#dpl:category=Materials Analysis Company|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

*[[Electron Beam Lithography]]
{{#dpl:category=Electron Beam Lithography|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[IBM]]
{{#dpl:category=IBM|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[JEOL]]
{{#dpl:category=JEOL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

*[[Ion Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Ion Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Xray Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Xray Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

=== Other ===
{{#tree:
*[[Microtome]]
{{#dpl:category=Microtome|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Ultramicrotome]]
{{#dpl:category=Ultramicrotome|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Evaporator]]
{{#dpl:category=Evaporator|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Sputter Coater]]
{{#dpl:category=Sputter Coater|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Cryo Equipment]]
**[[Reichert & Jung]]
{{#dpl:category=Reichert & Jung - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
***[[KF80|KF80 - Plunge Freezer]]
*[[Vacuum Equipment]]
**[[Leybold]]
{{#dpl:category=Leybold - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Hreaeus]]
{{#dpl:category=Hreaeus - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Leybold Hreaeus]]
{{#dpl:category=Leybold Hreaeus - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

**[[Alcatel]]
{{#dpl:category=Alcatel|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Pfeifer]]
{{#dpl:category=Pfeifer|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Vacubrand]]
{{#dpl:category=Vacubrand|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Edwards]]
{{#dpl:category=Edwards|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Sargent Welsh]]
{{#dpl:category=Sargent Welsh|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

=== Researchers ===
{{#tree:
*Germany
{{#dpl:category=German Researcher|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

[[Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function]]

= Recent Changes =

<news/>

[[Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function]]

Ultrascan Corporation U.S.A.

2026-03-07T15:40:13Z

Lbochtler: added sm-2

Ultrascan Corporation U.S.A. was a USA based maker of Scanning Electron Microscopes.

= Models =

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Ultrascan SM-2
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 10 - 100kx<ref name="J. A. Swift 1970"> J. A. Swift, "Electron Microscopes", Laboratory Instruments and Techniques Series (Kogan ae London, Barnes and Nobel New York 1970), Tabel 1 </ref>
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 1 kV - 30 kV</ref name="J. A. Swift 1970">
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 0 - 25mm</ref name="J. A. Swift 1970">
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution= <20 nm </ref name="J. A. Swift 1970">
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=
}}

Main Page

2026-03-07T15:30:38Z

Lbochtler: added Ultrascan Corporation U.S.A.

[[File:Elmiskop1-Front-Brochure.jpg|thumb|The Siemens [[Elmiskop 1]] Transmission Electron Microscope]]
The Microscopy wiki is dedicated to archiving and cataloging every microscope ever created by man, as well as their associated documentation, as well as some example images.
[[File:Autoscan Column.jpg|thumb|left|The Column of the [[ETEC Autoscan]] [[Scanning Electron Microscope]] with opened Sample Chamber]]
== Short Content List ==

=== Microsocpes ===
{{#tree:
*[[Light Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Light Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ernst Leitz Wetzlar]]
{{#dpl:category=Leitz LM|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Electron Microscope]]
**[[Siemens]]
{{#dpl:category=Siemens|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Carl Zeiss]]
{{#dpl:category=Zeiss|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[JEOL]]
{{#dpl:category=JEOL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Hitachi]]
{{#dpl:category=Hitachi|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Philips]]
{{#dpl:category=Philips|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[FEI]]
{{#dpl:category=FEI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Tesla]]
{{#dpl:category=Tesla|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Tescan]]
{{#dpl:category=Tescan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[AEI]]
{{#dpl:category=AEI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Cambridge]]
{{#dpl:category=Cambridge|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[RCA]]
{{#dpl:category=RCA|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[ISI]]
{{#dpl:category=ISI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Etec Corporation|ETEC]]
{{#dpl:category=ETEC|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Amray]]
{{#dpl:category=Amray|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ernst Leitz Wetzlar]]
{{#dpl:category=Leitz|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Nanometrix]]
{{#dpl:category=Nanometrix|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie]]
{{#dpl:category=Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Trüb Täuber & Co]]
{{#dpl:category=Trüb Täuber & Co|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Plessey]]
{{#dpl:category=Plessey|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Bosch]]
{{#dpl:category=Bosch|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[RJ Lee]]
{{#dpl:category=RJ Lee|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Aspex]]
{{#dpl:category=Aspex|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[ARL]]
{{#dpl:category=ARL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Electroscan]]
{{#dpl:category=Electroscan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Camica]]
{{#dpl:category=Cameca|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Cameca]]
{{#dpl:category=CamScan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[SELMI]]
{{#dpl:category=SELMI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Quantum Design]]
{{#dpl:category=Quantum Design|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ultrascan Corporation U.S.A.]]
{{#dpl:category=Ultrascan Corporation U.S.A.|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

*[[Electron Beam Lithography]]
{{#dpl:category=Electron Beam Lithography|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[IBM]]
{{#dpl:category=IBM|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[JEOL]]
{{#dpl:category=JEOL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

*[[Ion Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Ion Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Xray Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Xray Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

[[Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function]]

=== Other ===
{{#tree:
*[[Microtome]]
{{#dpl:category=Microtome|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Ultramicrotome]]
{{#dpl:category=Ultramicrotome|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Evaporator]]
{{#dpl:category=Evaporator|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Sputter Coater]]
{{#dpl:category=Sputter Coater|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Cryo Equipment]]
**[[Reichert & Jung]]
{{#dpl:category=Reichert & Jung - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
***[[KF80|KF80 - Plunge Freezer]]
*[[Vacuum Equipment]]
**[[Leybold]]
{{#dpl:category=Leybold - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Hreaeus]]
{{#dpl:category=Hreaeus - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Leybold Hreaeus]]
{{#dpl:category=Leybold Hreaeus - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

**[[Alcatel]]
{{#dpl:category=Alcatel|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Pfeifer]]
{{#dpl:category=Pfeifer|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Vacubrand]]
{{#dpl:category=Vacubrand|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Edwards]]
{{#dpl:category=Edwards|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Sargent Welsh]]
{{#dpl:category=Sargent Welsh|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

=== Researchers ===
{{#tree:
*Germany
{{#dpl:category=German Researcher|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

[[Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function]]

= Recent Changes =

<news/>

[[Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function]]

Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

2026-02-15T15:18:29Z

Lbochtler: added diagrams of the Wien filters and added some info

Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy is a analytical technique used in Transimssion Electron Microscopy. (This article is a stub, please add more information)
= Principle =
= Monochromator / Filter Types =
Monochromator types can be grouped into in-column monochromators and post column monochromators. In column monochromators where first commercially introduced by [[Carl Zeiss]] with the Castaing-Henry Monochromator based [[EM 902]] EFTEM (Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscope).
== In Column ==
In Column Filters are those that are inline with the Microscope column and usually located between two sets of Projector lens systems, and typically feature the ability to create energy filtered images allowing for element mapping, among other energy loss techniques. On some microscopes like the [[Libra 200 | Zeiss Libra 200]] the filter can be bypassed in image mode, by opening a beam stop and changing optical parameters.

=== Castaing-Henry Filter ===
[[File:Zeiss EM902 Castaing-Henry EELS Filter diagram.png|thumb|Castaing-Henry Monochromator diagram as seen in the Manual of the [[EM 902 | Zeiss EM 902]].]]
First implemented by Castaing and Henry within a [[Elmiskop 102 | Siemens Elmiskop 102]] to then later be adapted onto the newly developed [[EM 900 | Zeiss EM 900]] TEM, thus creating the [[EM 902]] EFTEM. It uses a Dipole Magnet to bend the electron beam by 90°, then reflecting it back into the Diopole via an Electrostatic Mirror, bending it by another 90° back onto the optical axis. Electrons with energies below or above the selected energy colide against the exet aperture in Image mode, and are bent away from the optical axis creating a Spectrogram on the Viewscreen / Camera in Spectrometer mode. Further the energy can be scanned using the exit slit and a PMT allowing digital aquesition of the spectrum via a PMT and Microcomputer (such as in the CEM 902). The Electrostatic Mirror is powered by the same High Voltage as the Electron Gun, thus a second Highvoltage cable originating from the Highvoltage tank goes into the side of the column.

=== Omega Filter ===
[[File:Zeiss EM912 Omega EELS Filter Diagram from manual.png|thumb|Omega Filter as seen in the [[EM 912 | Zeiss EM 912]] EFTEM. ]]
First implemented in the [[EM 912 | Zeiss EM 912]] EFTEM, now using 4 Dipoles to bend the into the shape of a sideways Omega, this filter design allowed higher resolutions then where achievable with the Castaing-Henry Filter, and also no longer requiring the use of a second High Voltage cable. This filter design was later licensed to [[JEOL]].

=== Corrected Omega Filter ===
[[File:ZEISS Libra 200 Corrected Omega EELS Filter Diagram from Manual.png|thumb|The corrected Omega Filter as seen in the [[Libra 200 | Zeiss Libra 200]] EFTEM. Featuring more multipoles used for correcting higher order aberrations then in the normal Omega Filter. ]]
First Implemented in the [[Sub Electron Volt Sub Ångström Microscope Project |Zeiss SESAM 1]], refined in the [[Sub Electron Volt Sub Ångström Microscope Project |Zeiss SESAM 2]] and brought to market in the [[Libra 200 | Zeiss Libra 200]] EFTEM. It features more Multipole lenses to correct higher order Aberration, and also features a bypass Methode allowing imaging without transmitting the image through the filter system. In order to get the best energy resolution out of the Corrected Omega filter, the use of a Omega Filtered [[Electron Guns | FEG]] is required, as is with all high resolution EELS filters. The [[Libra 200 | Zeiss Libra 200]] did not come standard with a Filtered Electron Gun, instead having it as an optional upgrade.

The Corrected Omega Filter also allowed for a higher acceptance angle then the filter designs preceding it, allowing for larger energy filtered electron diffraction patterns to be produced.

=== Mandoline Filter ===
[[File:Zeiss SESAM Mandoline EELS Filter SATEM paper trace.png|thumb|Schematic Diagram of the Mandoline Fitler used in the Zeiss SESAM.]]
This one of a kind energy filter was implemented in 2007 within the [[Sub Electron Volt Sub Ångström Microscope Project |Zeiss SESAM (SESAM 3)]] and is one of the highest energy resolution filters yet conceived, it also happens to be the largest mechanically speaking. It offers a very large acceptance angle allowing for large energy filtered diffraction patterns to be produced. It was only built a single time in the unique SESAM Electron Microscope, based on the Libra 200. This Microscope is the only surviving SESAM project microscope and is preserved in semi functional (in restoration) condition at the Museum of Electron Microscopy.

It features 3 Dipoles with even more multipole lenses then the corrected Omega filter, allowing for correction of even higher order aberrations then the corrected Omega.

=== Wien Filter ===
[[File:Wien Filter I Diagram terauchi1999 redraw.png|thumb|Wien Filter I designed by Tsuno et al in 1988.Top down view ]]
[[File:Wien Filter II Diagram terauchi1999 redraw.png|thumb|Wien Filter II designed by Terauchi in 1999. Top down view]]
[[File:Wien Filter III Tsuno 1993 redraw.png|thumb|Wien Filter III as designed by Tsuno in 1993, this being the basic design used by modern Wien Filtered machines. Top down view]]
A coaxial in column Filter using crossed Electrostatic and Magnetic Fields to filter electrons. First implemented in an Electron Microscope by Implemented by Tsuno et al. in 1988<ref>Tsuno, K., Terauchi, M. & Tanaka, M. (1988a) Electron trajectory calculation of a stigmatic-focus Wien filter for electron energy loss spectroscopy I. Optik, 78, 71–77</ref> <ref>Tsuno, K., Terauchi, M. & Tanaka, M. (1988b) Electron trajectory
calculation of a stigmatic-focus Wien filter for electron energy
loss spectroscopy II. Optik, 80, 149–154.</ref>, shown as Filter I. Then further refined to the filter design II by Kato & Tsuno in 1990 <ref>Kato, M. & Tsuno, K. (1990) Numerical analysis of trajectories and aberrations of a Wien filter including the effect of fringing fields. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 298, 296–320.</ref>. The further developed into the modern design (design III) by K. Tsuno in 1993 <ref>Tsuno, K. (1993) Electron optical analysis of a retarding Wien filter for electron spectroscopic imaging. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64, 659–666.</ref> on which machines like the [[JEOL]] ARM200F are based on.

note: further explain the Wien filters design. and add more info

=== Alfa Filter ===
This filter is another pure Magnetic filter, with the electron path fallowing the general shape of a sideways Alpha.

== Post Column ==
This type of filter is mounted below the column, typically on the camera port of a standard TEM. Unlike the in column filter, this type of EELS filter dose not require the creation of special purpose machine.
=== Serial 90° Scofield Monochromator ===
[[File:Gatan 607 Serial EELS sectorfield Filter Diagram.png|thumb|Serial EELS model 607 from [[Gatan]] featuring a 90° Sector Field Dipole monochromator.]]
The Serial 90° Sector Field Monochromator can be thought of, as analogous to a prism based light spectrometer with variable prism refractive index. The electron beam enteres the monochromator via the entrance aperture, and is relayed and focused by a projector lens mounted in front of the 90° dipole Analyzer. A Dipole Magnet bends the beam by 90° and into an Exit Slit, where a Szintillator converts the electron beam current into light, which is then measured by a Photomultiplier tube. A spectrum is recorded or displayed on a Cathode Ray tube by changing the excitation of the 90° magnet which is analogous to changing the refractive index of a light prism. Further addons allow the use of a Electrostatic field to vary the output energy by a hundred eV or so. The Spectrometer was at times, and is now controlled by the use of Minicomputers or in modern times Microcomputers. The first commercial Implementation of a post column 90° sector field monochromator based EELS system was the Model 607 Serial EELS by Gatan.

=== Parallel 90° Sector field Spectrometer ===
This is a variation of the above monochromator, and uses a multipole corrector to project a full spectrum through the sector field magnet, which is then recorded onto the Szintillator of a CCD camera mounted at the end of the filter projective column. The first Commercial implementation of this Parallel EELS design was the [[Gatan Model 607 | Gatan Model 607 with Model 666 CCD Camera]]. This spectrometer also features a PMT for Serial data recording like the older Serial version. Modern 90° monochromators can still operate in this Fassion.

=== 90° Sector Field Imaging Spectrometer / Monochromator ===
Similar to the Parallel 90° Spectrometer, this type of Filter uses a 90° Dipole sector field magnet as its dispersive element, but with a number of multipole lenses in front and after the sectorfield, allowing the transmission of images like those of the In-Column Filters mentioned above. The position of the spectrometer on the Bottom mount camera port of a none purpose built machine comes with the downside of not having as high of an acceptance angle, and also not showing the filtered image on a normal viewscreen, relying on a Digital camera. This spectrometer design has now reached similar energy resolutions to the In-Column designs, while being adaptable to a very large amount of machines.

= Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy =

[[Category:Pages with broken file links]]

EM8

2026-02-15T02:02:31Z

Lbochtler: Added picture of the prototype as seen in the museum.

[[File:AEG Zeiss EM8 Prototype in Museum.jpg|thumb|The prototype of the EM8 as seen in January 2026 at the Museum of Electron Microscopy. The apearence of the machine has changed since its original creation in 1948 due to having been upgraded with the diffraction lens, among other upgrades.]]

The EM8 was the first commercial[[Transmission Electron Microscope]] produced by the company [[Carl Zeiss]]. It was developed in cooperation with the [[AEG]], first designated the EM7 during prototyping. Both the EM7 and EM8 where developed based on the research of Brüche using Electrostatic Lenses exclusively, unlike the [[Siemens]] microsocpes of the time. The EM8 was the firt microscope model to feature the newly invented Stigmator of [[O. Rang]]. The prototype with the first stigmator survived and is now on display within the Museum of Electron Microscopy.

= Design =
The EM8, much like its predecessor is an Electrostatic focusing Microscope, relying solely on the potential of the cathode as well as, in later versions, the positive potential also provided by a second Cockroft Walton Cascade.
== Electron Gun ==
Its electron gun is of the [[Steigerwald Telefocus Gun]] veriety which, unlike more contemparary gun designs places the crossover (point of convergence) not between the Wehnelt Cylinder and the Anode, but instead projects it far beyond the anode, usually in the aperture plane of the Objective lens. (presumably much like [[Köhler Illumination]] as used in the light microscope. This effectively eliminates the need for a condensor lens as is common in other microscopes of the time. However, unlike the magnetic microscopes of the time, this setup dose not allow the size of the illumination spot to be continuesly varies, instead it is constant. This likely lead to increased specimen heating and contamination buildup in comparison to the [[Siemens Übermikroskop]] and [[ÜM100]].
== Imaging System ==
Much like other microscopes of the time, the EM8 uses top entry cartridges for its specimens. These cartridges are placed into the stage by means of a crane mechansim incorperated into a semi automatic arilock. located between the Anode and Objective lens upper electrode.

The specimen is then focused (moved to the focal point of the Objective lens) by means of a mechanical lead screw, very unlike other microscopes of the time, which used the ability of the electromagnetic lens to change its focal length at will. This likely made focusing the microscope at high magnifications a rather fiddly affair, thus leading to the later addition of electrical means of fine focus (modulating a second voltage atop the High Voltage of the Objective lens (presumably)).

For low magnification, the projective lenses located some distance beneeth the objective, where switched off, thus only magnifying the sample by a factor goverened by the Lens Makers Equation and Magnification equation.

Lensmakers Equation:
1/f = 1/v - 1/u

f: Focal length of the lens
u: Object Distance from lens plain
v: Image Distance from lens plain

Magnification equation:
m=v/u

m: Magnification factor
u: Object Distance from lens plain
v: Image Distance from lens plain

Thus, due to the small region in which the sample is focused onto the viewscreen / film, and the fixed focal length of the Objective lens, only the movement of the sample is viable as means of focusing. Thanks to the very small Aperture inhherent to uncorrected Electron Microscopes, this region becomes large enough that mechanical focusing becomes viable, all be it with increased difficulty at increasing magnificaitons. Later versions such as the EM8/IV allowed the focal length of the Objective to be varied slightly, thus allowing electric focus as can be seen by the above equations.

To further increase magnification, additional lenses, known as Projectives where used. These too where fixed focal length [[Electrostatic Lens| Electrostatic Lenses]], which where stacked one atop the other. One having a large the other a small focal length. Thus powering either or changed the magnification. In addition to using one or the other, both could be activated simultaniously, allowing for the highest magnification the microscope was capable of. These lenses much like the objective where powered by the Cathode High Voltage Potential.

== Acceleration Voltage ==
This reliance on a common high voltage used for both the acceleration of the electrons, as well as their focusing, gave the EM8 an advantage in terms of Stability requirments for the High Voltage System. Normally the focal length of a [[Electron Lens]] is dependen on the speed (voltage) of the electron beam they are are to focus. Since the focal length of Electrostatic lenses is dependent on the voltage ratio between the electron beam and its electrodes, one can easily surmise that any change in acceleration voltage would produce a change of focal length which is exactly opposit to the change that is espected by the change in acceleration potential. Thus allowing the microscope to be virtually immune to fluctuations of the Acceleration voltage.

As a result, the requirments on the high voltage power supply where far less then on Electromagnetic microscopes. This powersupply likewise was of a more modern design, using High Frequency AC to run the transformers as introduced by [[Vladimir Zworkin]] and [[James Hillier]] at RCA. This AC voltage was supplied by means of a Armstrong Osccilator. A second oscillator fed a HF isolation transformer which in turn supplied the heater voltage for the high voltage Diode tubes used in the [[Cockroft Walton]] cascade.

On later models, two such cascades where run from the main high voltage transformer, one supplying 60KV of positive potential, the other 60KV of negative potential.

Since stringent smoothing was not needed for the high voltage, no additional smoothing circuitry was used, only relying on the capactiance of the Cockroft Walten Generator to smooth out the voltage.

== Camera ==
The microscopes Camera was likewise a rather interesting design, as it contained a magazine of film plates within the view chamber, which, when exposed, where automatically ejected by means of a airlock opperated from the same cam as the camera its self.

Thus every exposure could be directly taken out of the microscope without breaking the high vacuum there in, or requiring the removal of a separate exposed plate magazine as is common in other microscopes.

= Development History =
To our knowledge there seems to have been 3 to 4 versions of the EM8 throughout the years. It is our assumption that the version is designated by the addition of a "/version number" at the end of the EM8 model name. This however is not yet confirmed as we only have one example at the time of writing, which is designated as "EM8/IV" which lets us assume that this is the 4th version or revision to the microscopes design.

Fallowing is a list of the versions of the EM8 which are currently known to us, detailing their differences.
== EM8 ==
[[File:Zeiss - EM8.png|thumb|Presumably version 1 of the EM8]]
The original EM8 appears to have been a more refined version of the EM7 which preceeded it. It featured only 3 Electron Lenses, which are;
*Objective
*Projective I (High Mag)
*Projective II (Low Mag)

Focusing was done by purely mechanical means by a knob located in front of the stage.
</br>
== EM8/II & EM/III ==
Since we do not know the differences between these two version we will consider them as one for the time being. The second / third revision of the EM8 introduced some design changes, including the addition of a Diffraction lens located beneath the Objective. This also gives the microscope even more magnification steps, of which only 3 are avalible at any given time, due to having to disconnect a high voltage plug (60KV) in order to change the magnification range.

Focusing was still (presumably) performed by purely mechanical means as in the previous model.

== EM8/IV ==
Version 4, much like its predicessor also features a diffraction lens, in addition to the the ability to focus the objective by both mechanical (Corse focus) and Electric (fine focus) means.

This was accomplished, by means of changing the voltage going to the objective lens center electrode by having an auxilary powersupply which increases the cathode voltage by an amount settable via a potentiometer at low potential.

If other changes where implemented is not currently known as we (the Museum) have not yet begun restoration of a EM8/IV and only recently obtained its manual, but not its schematics.

[[Category:Zeiss]]

File:AEG Zeiss EM8 Prototype in Museum.jpg

2026-02-15T01:59:10Z

Lbochtler: added short discription.

== Summary ==
The prototype of the EM8 (Serial nr. 1) as seen in the Museum of Electron Microscopy's exhibit in January 2026.

File:IMG6164 DxO1 EMMN 3-1.jpg

2026-02-15T01:57:11Z

Lbochtler: Lbochtler moved page File:IMG6164 DxO1 EMMN 3-1.jpg to File:AEG Zeiss EM8 Prototype in Museum.jpg: wrong file name

#REDIRECT [[File:AEG Zeiss EM8 Prototype in Museum.jpg]]

File:AEG Zeiss EM8 Prototype in Museum.jpg

2026-02-15T01:57:11Z

Lbochtler: Lbochtler moved page File:IMG6164 DxO1 EMMN 3-1.jpg to File:AEG Zeiss EM8 Prototype in Museum.jpg: wrong file name

== Summary ==
Importing files from local file repository

Stigmator

2026-02-15T00:17:52Z

Lbochtler: added some info on alignment

A Stigmator is a variable strength Cylinder lens used to correct Astigmatism in Electron Microscopes, proposed by [[O. Scherzer| Otto Scherzer]] and first implemented in the [[EM8 | AEG / Zeiss EM8]] by [[O. Rang]] in 1948. This device greatly increased the resolving power of the Electron Microscope and reduced the necessity for frequent cleaning of the optics. The device corrected the inevitable asymmetric shape of the lens field caused by manufacturing the optics, and the charging based parasitic lenses caused by contamination buildup in the optics and beampipes. There are many ways a Stigmator can be created, these include Magnetic and Electric types, the first practical Stigmator, as designed by Rang was Electrostatic.

At the time of its first implementation, the EM8 was the highest resolution Electron Microscope world wide, the Stigmator came standard in the subsequent EM8 versions sold. Microscopes like the [[ÜM 100]] from Siemens where retrofitted with Magnetic Stigmators of the Helical Moving Iron type, and where standard in later Iteration of the ÜM 100. Ever since, every Electron Microscope came standard with at least 1 Stigmator for the Objective Lens.

The Stigmator field has polar coordinates, and controls for such where historically in such, these being Amplitude and Angle. This was historically done by use of a [[Sin / Cos Potentiometer]] for the angle, and a linear potentiometer for the amplitude. Other machines like the [[EM 10 | Zeiss EM 10]] featured 2 linear potentiometers controlling the strength of each Quadrupole separately. Most modern machines feature the XY implementation of the Stigmator control.

= Types =
== Electrostatic Stigmator ==
[[File:O Rang Stigmator EM8.png|thumb|Schematic principle Electrostatic Stigmator designed by O. Rang as seen in the AEG Zeiss EM8]]
This Stigmator is the type originally designed by [[O. Rang]] and has 3 sets of electrodes arranged radially around a central bore. 1 set has a span of 90° and 2 sets have a span of 45°. The 90° segments are usually connected to ground, and the 2 sets of 45° segments connected to bipolar power supplies, changing the polarity and the voltage of these segment sets allows the creation of a continually rotatable and amplitude adjustable electrostatic cylinder lens. This type of Stigmator was first implemented in the [[EM8 | AEG / Zeiss EM8]] which allowed this machine to reach the highest resolution achieved at the time.

== Moving Iron Stigmator ==
=== 2 Pol Piece ===
This Stigmator type, works by moving 2 iron Pieces mounted opposite to one another on a brass bevel gear, and is mounted in the pol Piece gap of a magnetic pol Piece lens, The iron pieces create an asymmetric magnetic circuit geometry, which allows the correction of asymmetric magnetic fields in the lens system. Changing the strength of the Stigmator is either not possible, or more typically is done by changing the distance of the iron pieces to the pol Piece gap, either in height or in radius. Typically this type of Stigmator has a single control that turns this setup through 360° while changing the strength as rotation Control, usually having an indicating Gauge as to its strength.

This setup dose not allow perfect correction of astigmatism, as the Angle and Amplitude are coupled.
Example: [[ÜM 100 | Siemens ÜM 100]] (Objective), [[Elmiskop I | Siemens Elmiskop I]] (Condenser)
=== 4 Pol Piece ===
[[File:4 Polpiece Stigmator ElmiskopI.png|thumb|Structure and Operating Principle of the 4 Pol Piece Stigmator as seen in the Siemens Elmiskop I and IA]]
In the 4 Pol Piece setup, as featured in the [[Elmiskop I | Siemens Elmiskop I]] and [[Elmiskop IA | Siemens Elmiskop IA]], 2 sets of 2 iron pol pieces are mounted on 2 bevel gears, mechanically coupled in such a way, that both can turn together, allowing angle, and both running opposite to one another, thus allowing amplitude control. This setup is placed like the 2 Pol Piece setup, inside the magnetic circuit of the Objective lens (or other lens), where like the 2 pol piece, it is supplied by the flux of that lens. Maximum Stigmator power is present when both sets of pol pieces are in the same axis, and minimum Stigmator power is present when both sets are at 90° to one another.

This type of Stigmator has the disadvantage of requiring high precision in its manufacture to allow 0 Stigmator field.

== Quadrupole Stigmator ==
[[File:Quadropole Stigmator V2.png|thumb| Principle Diagram of a Quadrupole Stigmator with Mechanical Azimuth Adjustment, as seen in the Tesla BS 242.]]
[[File:Quadropole Stigmator Tesla BS242E from Manual.png|thumb|The Quadrupole Stigmator of the BS242 showing its 4 pols (A,B,C,D) mounted on a azimuth bearing assembly controlled by a rod (E) going to an angle scales scribed on the outside of the column. ]]
In a Quadrupole Stigmator, a single Quadrupole lens is used as the correcting element, this lens has 2 north and 2 south poles each opposing one another and oriented at 90° to each other, forming a cross shaped structure. This lens Focuses in 1 axis, and defocuses in the 90° opposing axis, thus allowing correction of astigmatism. Since this Aberration is rarely in the exact axis of the Quadrupole, means of rotating this lens are needed. Machines with such a Stigmator have a mechanical Angle control, usually allowing 90° of Rotation, and an electrical control for the field strength. A notable Example of this Stigmator type is the [[BS 242 | Tesla BS 242]].
== Dual Quadrupole Stigmator ==
[[File:Double Quadropole Stigmator.png|thumb| Principle Diagram of a Double Quadrupole Stigmator, featuring 2 sets of Quadrupole Lenses offset by 45° to one another. Quadrupole 1 is shown in grey, and Quadrupole 2 in Green. The coils of the same color are connected together electrically and driven by their own power supply.]]
In the Double Quadrupole Stigmator, 2 Quadrupoles offset by 45° to one another are used to create an electrically rotatable and amplitude adjustable Cylinder lens. This setup is not to be confused with an [[Octopole]] lens which also features 8 pole Pieces. In this setup the Quadrupole field is formed by having 2 sets of poles at various ratios of power next to one another. Thus allowing full 360° rotation of the field. These 2 interleaved Quadrupoles are controlled either by a [[Sin / Cos Potentiometer]] for Angle, and a Linear Potentiometer for Amplitude, or by 2 Linear potentiometers for each Quadrupole. The Angle is produced by energizing the quadrupoles proportional to move the field lines into an orientation more akin to a single quadrupole at an intermediate angle between the 2 quadrupoles, then to continue rotation, the polarity is reversed progressive moving the field further in angle by another 45°.
Example [[EM 10 | Zeiss EM 10]]

= Alignment Requirements =
For a Stigmator to work correctly, it must be positioned coaxially with the central axis of the lens(s) it is meant to correct. Aligning a Stigmator to the optical column is either done at factory by mechanical means (pre aligned), aligned with some form of screws accessible to the user / technician (example being the EM8), or aligned electromagnetically, by adding an offset current to each coil of the quadrupole. This requires 1 power supply per pole, so a total of 8 for a double quadrupole Stigmator.

= notes =
The diagrams of the quadrupole and double quadrupole have magnetic monopoles shown, this was intended as a visualizing aid, normally dipoles are present. This is partially an oversight on the part of the artist, and will likely be corrected. Think of the poles as bar magnets with the opposing magnetic pole being opposite the ones pointing inside.

Stigmator

2026-02-15T00:11:00Z

Lbochtler: added a note

A Stigmator is a variable strength Cylinder lens used to correct Astigmatism in Electron Microscopes, proposed by [[O. Scherzer| Otto Scherzer]] and first implemented in the [[EM8 | AEG / Zeiss EM8]] by [[O. Rang]] in 1948. This device greatly increased the resolving power of the Electron Microscope and reduced the necessity for frequent cleaning of the optics. The device corrected the inevitable asymmetric shape of the lens field caused by manufacturing the optics, and the charging based parasitic lenses caused by contamination buildup in the optics and beampipes. There are many ways a Stigmator can be created, these include Magnetic and Electric types, the first practical Stigmator, as designed by Rang was Electrostatic.

At the time of its first implementation, the EM8 was the highest resolution Electron Microscope world wide, the Stigmator came standard in the subsequent EM8 versions sold. Microscopes like the [[ÜM 100]] from Siemens where retrofitted with Magnetic Stigmators of the Helical Moving Iron type, and where standard in later Iteration of the ÜM 100. Ever since, every Electron Microscope came standard with at least 1 Stigmator for the Objective Lens.

The Stigmator field has polar coordinates, and controls for such where historically in such, these being Amplitude and Angle. This was historically done by use of a [[Sin / Cos Potentiometer]] for the angle, and a linear potentiometer for the amplitude. Other machines like the [[EM 10 | Zeiss EM 10]] featured 2 linear potentiometers controlling the strength of each Quadrupole separately. Most modern machines feature the XY implementation of the Stigmator control.

= Types =
== Electrostatic Stigmator ==
[[File:O Rang Stigmator EM8.png|thumb|Schematic principle Electrostatic Stigmator designed by O. Rang as seen in the AEG Zeiss EM8]]
This Stigmator is the type originally designed by [[O. Rang]] and has 3 sets of electrodes arranged radially around a central bore. 1 set has a span of 90° and 2 sets have a span of 45°. The 90° segments are usually connected to ground, and the 2 sets of 45° segments connected to bipolar power supplies, changing the polarity and the voltage of these segment sets allows the creation of a continually rotatable and amplitude adjustable electrostatic cylinder lens. This type of Stigmator was first implemented in the [[EM8 | AEG / Zeiss EM8]] which allowed this machine to reach the highest resolution achieved at the time.

== Moving Iron Stigmator ==
=== 2 Pol Piece ===
This Stigmator type, works by moving 2 iron Pieces mounted opposite to one another on a brass bevel gear, and is mounted in the pol Piece gap of a magnetic pol Piece lens, The iron pieces create an asymmetric magnetic circuit geometry, which allows the correction of asymmetric magnetic fields in the lens system. Changing the strength of the Stigmator is either not possible, or more typically is done by changing the distance of the iron pieces to the pol Piece gap, either in height or in radius. Typically this type of Stigmator has a single control that turns this setup through 360° while changing the strength as rotation Control, usually having an indicating Gauge as to its strength.

This setup dose not allow perfect correction of astigmatism, as the Angle and Amplitude are coupled.
Example: [[ÜM 100 | Siemens ÜM 100]] (Objective), [[Elmiskop I | Siemens Elmiskop I]] (Condenser)
=== 4 Pol Piece ===
[[File:4 Polpiece Stigmator ElmiskopI.png|thumb|Structure and Operating Principle of the 4 Pol Piece Stigmator as seen in the Siemens Elmiskop I and IA]]
In the 4 Pol Piece setup, as featured in the [[Elmiskop I | Siemens Elmiskop I]] and [[Elmiskop IA | Siemens Elmiskop IA]], 2 sets of 2 iron pol pieces are mounted on 2 bevel gears, mechanically coupled in such a way, that both can turn together, allowing angle, and both running opposite to one another, thus allowing amplitude control. This setup is placed like the 2 Pol Piece setup, inside the magnetic circuit of the Objective lens (or other lens), where like the 2 pol piece, it is supplied by the flux of that lens. Maximum Stigmator power is present when both sets of pol pieces are in the same axis, and minimum Stigmator power is present when both sets are at 90° to one another.

This type of Stigmator has the disadvantage of requiring high precision in its manufacture to allow 0 Stigmator field.

== Quadrupole Stigmator ==
[[File:Quadropole Stigmator V2.png|thumb| Principle Diagram of a Quadrupole Stigmator with Mechanical Azimuth Adjustment, as seen in the Tesla BS 242.]]
[[File:Quadropole Stigmator Tesla BS242E from Manual.png|thumb|The Quadrupole Stigmator of the BS242 showing its 4 pols (A,B,C,D) mounted on a azimuth bearing assembly controlled by a rod (E) going to an angle scales scribed on the outside of the column. ]]
In a Quadrupole Stigmator, a single Quadrupole lens is used as the correcting element, this lens has 2 north and 2 south poles each opposing one another and oriented at 90° to each other, forming a cross shaped structure. This lens Focuses in 1 axis, and defocuses in the 90° opposing axis, thus allowing correction of astigmatism. Since this Aberration is rarely in the exact axis of the Quadrupole, means of rotating this lens are needed. Machines with such a Stigmator have a mechanical Angle control, usually allowing 90° of Rotation, and an electrical control for the field strength. A notable Example of this Stigmator type is the [[BS 242 | Tesla BS 242]].
== Dual Quadrupole Stigmator ==
[[File:Double Quadropole Stigmator.png|thumb| Principle Diagram of a Double Quadrupole Stigmator, featuring 2 sets of Quadrupole Lenses offset by 45° to one another.]]
In the Double Quadrupole Stigmator, 2 Quadrupoles offset by 45° to one another are used to create an electrically rotatable and amplitude adjustable Cylinder lens. This setup is not to be confused with an [[Octopole]] lens which also features 8 pole Pieces. In this setup the Quadrupole field is formed by having 2 sets of poles at various ratios of power next to one another. Thus allowing full 360° rotation of the field. These 2 interleaved Quadrupoles are controlled either by a [[Sin / Cos Potentiometer]] for Angle, and a Linear Potentiometer for Amplitude, or by 2 Linear potentiometers for each Quadrupole. The Angle is produced by energizing the quadrupoles proportional to move the field lines into an orientation more akin to a single quadrupole at an intermediate angle between the 2 quadrupoles, then to continue rotation, the polarity is reversed progressive moving the field further in angle by another 45°.
Example [[EM 10 | Zeiss EM 10]]

= notes =
The diagrams of the quadrupole and double quadrupole have magnetic monopoles shown, this was intended as a visualizing aid, normally dipoles are present. This is partially an oversight on the part of the artist, and will likely be corrected. Think of the poles as bar magnets with the opposing magnetic pole being opposite the ones pointing inside.

Stigmator

2026-02-15T00:06:11Z

Lbochtler: added diagrams of the quadrupole and double quadrupole stigmator, added more description in the double quadrupole lens description.

A Stigmator is a variable strength Cylinder lens used to correct Astigmatism in Electron Microscopes, proposed by [[O. Scherzer| Otto Scherzer]] and first implemented in the [[EM8 | AEG / Zeiss EM8]] by [[O. Rang]] in 1948. This device greatly increased the resolving power of the Electron Microscope and reduced the necessity for frequent cleaning of the optics. The device corrected the inevitable asymmetric shape of the lens field caused by manufacturing the optics, and the charging based parasitic lenses caused by contamination buildup in the optics and beampipes. There are many ways a Stigmator can be created, these include Magnetic and Electric types, the first practical Stigmator, as designed by Rang was Electrostatic.

At the time of its first implementation, the EM8 was the highest resolution Electron Microscope world wide, the Stigmator came standard in the subsequent EM8 versions sold. Microscopes like the [[ÜM 100]] from Siemens where retrofitted with Magnetic Stigmators of the Helical Moving Iron type, and where standard in later Iteration of the ÜM 100. Ever since, every Electron Microscope came standard with at least 1 Stigmator for the Objective Lens.

The Stigmator field has polar coordinates, and controls for such where historically in such, these being Amplitude and Angle. This was historically done by use of a [[Sin / Cos Potentiometer]] for the angle, and a linear potentiometer for the amplitude. Other machines like the [[EM 10 | Zeiss EM 10]] featured 2 linear potentiometers controlling the strength of each Quadrupole separately. Most modern machines feature the XY implementation of the Stigmator control.

= Types =
== Electrostatic Stigmator ==
[[File:O Rang Stigmator EM8.png|thumb|Schematic principle Electrostatic Stigmator designed by O. Rang as seen in the AEG Zeiss EM8]]
This Stigmator is the type originally designed by [[O. Rang]] and has 3 sets of electrodes arranged radially around a central bore. 1 set has a span of 90° and 2 sets have a span of 45°. The 90° segments are usually connected to ground, and the 2 sets of 45° segments connected to bipolar power supplies, changing the polarity and the voltage of these segment sets allows the creation of a continually rotatable and amplitude adjustable electrostatic cylinder lens. This type of Stigmator was first implemented in the [[EM8 | AEG / Zeiss EM8]] which allowed this machine to reach the highest resolution achieved at the time.

== Moving Iron Stigmator ==
=== 2 Pol Piece ===
This Stigmator type, works by moving 2 iron Pieces mounted opposite to one another on a brass bevel gear, and is mounted in the pol Piece gap of a magnetic pol Piece lens, The iron pieces create an asymmetric magnetic circuit geometry, which allows the correction of asymmetric magnetic fields in the lens system. Changing the strength of the Stigmator is either not possible, or more typically is done by changing the distance of the iron pieces to the pol Piece gap, either in height or in radius. Typically this type of Stigmator has a single control that turns this setup through 360° while changing the strength as rotation Control, usually having an indicating Gauge as to its strength.

This setup dose not allow perfect correction of astigmatism, as the Angle and Amplitude are coupled.
Example: [[ÜM 100 | Siemens ÜM 100]] (Objective), [[Elmiskop I | Siemens Elmiskop I]] (Condenser)
=== 4 Pol Piece ===
[[File:4 Polpiece Stigmator ElmiskopI.png|thumb|Structure and Operating Principle of the 4 Pol Piece Stigmator as seen in the Siemens Elmiskop I and IA]]
In the 4 Pol Piece setup, as featured in the [[Elmiskop I | Siemens Elmiskop I]] and [[Elmiskop IA | Siemens Elmiskop IA]], 2 sets of 2 iron pol pieces are mounted on 2 bevel gears, mechanically coupled in such a way, that both can turn together, allowing angle, and both running opposite to one another, thus allowing amplitude control. This setup is placed like the 2 Pol Piece setup, inside the magnetic circuit of the Objective lens (or other lens), where like the 2 pol piece, it is supplied by the flux of that lens. Maximum Stigmator power is present when both sets of pol pieces are in the same axis, and minimum Stigmator power is present when both sets are at 90° to one another.

This type of Stigmator has the disadvantage of requiring high precision in its manufacture to allow 0 Stigmator field.

== Quadrupole Stigmator ==
[[File:Quadropole Stigmator V2.png|thumb| Principle Diagram of a Quadrupole Stigmator with Mechanical Azimuth Adjustment, as seen in the Tesla BS 242.]]
[[File:Quadropole Stigmator Tesla BS242E from Manual.png|thumb|The Quadrupole Stigmator of the BS242 showing its 4 pols (A,B,C,D) mounted on a azimuth bearing assembly controlled by a rod (E) going to an angle scales scribed on the outside of the column. ]]
In a Quadrupole Stigmator, a single Quadrupole lens is used as the correcting element, this lens has 2 north and 2 south poles each opposing one another and oriented at 90° to each other, forming a cross shaped structure. This lens Focuses in 1 axis, and defocuses in the 90° opposing axis, thus allowing correction of astigmatism. Since this Aberration is rarely in the exact axis of the Quadrupole, means of rotating this lens are needed. Machines with such a Stigmator have a mechanical Angle control, usually allowing 90° of Rotation, and an electrical control for the field strength. A notable Example of this Stigmator type is the [[BS 242 | Tesla BS 242]].
== Dual Quadrupole Stigmator ==
[[File:Double Quadropole Stigmator.png|thumb| Principle Diagram of a Double Quadrupole Stigmator, featuring 2 sets of Quadrupole Lenses offset by 45° to one another.]]
In the Double Quadrupole Stigmator, 2 Quadrupoles offset by 45° to one another are used to create an electrically rotatable and amplitude adjustable Cylinder lens. This setup is not to be confused with an [[Octopole]] lens which also features 8 pole Pieces. In this setup the Quadrupole field is formed by having 2 sets of poles at various ratios of power next to one another. Thus allowing full 360° rotation of the field. These 2 interleaved Quadrupoles are controlled either by a [[Sin / Cos Potentiometer]] for Angle, and a Linear Potentiometer for Amplitude, or by 2 Linear potentiometers for each Quadrupole. The Angle is produced by energizing the quadrupoles proportional to move the field lines into an orientation more akin to a single quadrupole at an intermediate angle between the 2 quadrupoles, then to continue rotation, the polarity is reversed progressive moving the field further in angle by another 45°.
Example [[EM 10 | Zeiss EM 10]]

Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

2026-02-14T22:56:10Z

Lbochtler: added Mandoline Filter diagram and fixed 607 diagram

Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy is a analytical technique used in Transimssion Electron Microscopy. (This article is a stub, please add more information)
= Principle =
= Monochromator / Filter Types =
Monochromator types can be grouped into in-column monochromators and post column monochromators. In column monochromators where first commercially introduced by [[Carl Zeiss]] with the Castaing-Henry Monochromator based [[EM 902]] EFTEM (Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscope).
== In Column ==
In Column Filters are those that are inline with the Microscope column and usually located between two sets of Projector lens systems, and typically feature the ability to create energy filtered images allowing for element mapping, among other energy loss techniques. On some microscopes like the [[Libra 200 | Zeiss Libra 200]] the filter can be bypassed in image mode, by opening a beam stop and changing optical parameters.

=== Castaing-Henry Filter ===
[[File:Zeiss EM902 Castaing-Henry EELS Filter diagram.png|thumb|Castaing-Henry Monochromator diagram as seen in the Manual of the [[EM 902 | Zeiss EM 902]].]]
First implemented by Castaing and Henry within a [[Elmiskop 102 | Siemens Elmiskop 102]] to then later be adapted onto the newly developed [[EM 900 | Zeiss EM 900]] TEM, thus creating the [[EM 902]] EFTEM. It uses a Dipole Magnet to bend the electron beam by 90°, then reflecting it back into the Diopole via an Electrostatic Mirror, bending it by another 90° back onto the optical axis. Electrons with energies below or above the selected energy colide against the exet aperture in Image mode, and are bent away from the optical axis creating a Spectrogram on the Viewscreen / Camera in Spectrometer mode. Further the energy can be scanned using the exit slit and a PMT allowing digital aquesition of the spectrum via a PMT and Microcomputer (such as in the CEM 902). The Electrostatic Mirror is powered by the same High Voltage as the Electron Gun, thus a second Highvoltage cable originating from the Highvoltage tank goes into the side of the column.

=== Omega Filter ===
[[File:Zeiss EM912 Omega EELS Filter Diagram from manual.png|thumb|Omega Filter as seen in the [[EM 912 | Zeiss EM 912]] EFTEM. ]]
First implemented in the [[EM 912 | Zeiss EM 912]] EFTEM, now using 4 Dipoles to bend the into the shape of a sideways Omega, this filter design allowed higher resolutions then where achievable with the Castaing-Henry Filter, and also no longer requiring the use of a second High Voltage cable. This filter design was later licensed to [[JEOL]].

=== Corrected Omega Filter ===
[[File:ZEISS Libra 200 Corrected Omega EELS Filter Diagram from Manual.png|thumb|The corrected Omega Filter as seen in the [[Libra 200 | Zeiss Libra 200]] EFTEM. Featuring more multipoles used for correcting higher order aberrations then in the normal Omega Filter. ]]
First Implemented in the [[Sub Electron Volt Sub Ångström Microscope Project |Zeiss SESAM 1]], refined in the [[Sub Electron Volt Sub Ångström Microscope Project |Zeiss SESAM 2]] and brought to market in the [[Libra 200 | Zeiss Libra 200]] EFTEM. It features more Multipole lenses to correct higher order Aberration, and also features a bypass Methode allowing imaging without transmitting the image through the filter system. In order to get the best energy resolution out of the Corrected Omega filter, the use of a Omega Filtered [[Electron Guns | FEG]] is required, as is with all high resolution EELS filters. The [[Libra 200 | Zeiss Libra 200]] did not come standard with a Filtered Electron Gun, instead having it as an optional upgrade.

The Corrected Omega Filter also allowed for a higher acceptance angle then the filter designs preceding it, allowing for larger energy filtered electron diffraction patterns to be produced.

=== Mandoline Filter ===
[[File:Zeiss SESAM Mandoline EELS Filter SATEM paper trace.png|thumb|Schematic Diagram of the Mandoline Fitler used in the Zeiss SESAM.]]
This one of a kind energy filter was implemented in 2007 within the [[Sub Electron Volt Sub Ångström Microscope Project |Zeiss SESAM (SESAM 3)]] and is one of the highest energy resolution filters yet conceived, it also happens to be the largest mechanically speaking. It offers a very large acceptance angle allowing for large energy filtered diffraction patterns to be produced. It was only built a single time in the unique SESAM Electron Microscope, based on the Libra 200. This Microscope is the only surviving SESAM project microscope and is preserved in semi functional (in restoration) condition at the Museum of Electron Microscopy.

It features 3 Dipoles with even more multipole lenses then the corrected Omega filter, allowing for correction of even higher order aberrations then the corrected Omega.

=== Wien Filter ===
A coaxial in column Filter using crossed Electrostatic and Magnetic Fields to filter electrons. Implemented by [[JEOL]] in machines such as the Monochromated ARM200F. (add more information here)

=== Alfa Filter ===
This filter is another pure Magnetic filter, with the electron path fallowing the general shape of a sideways Alpha.

== Post Column ==
This type of filter is mounted below the column, typically on the camera port of a standard TEM. Unlike the in column filter, this type of EELS filter dose not require the creation of special purpose machine.
=== Serial 90° Scofield Monochromator ===
[[File:Gatan 607 Serial EELS sectorfield Filter Diagram.png|thumb|Serial EELS model 607 from [[Gatan]] featuring a 90° Sector Field Dipole monochromator.]]
The Serial 90° Sector Field Monochromator can be thought of, as analogous to a prism based light spectrometer with variable prism refractive index. The electron beam enteres the monochromator via the entrance aperture, and is relayed and focused by a projector lens mounted in front of the 90° dipole Analyzer. A Dipole Magnet bends the beam by 90° and into an Exit Slit, where a Szintillator converts the electron beam current into light, which is then measured by a Photomultiplier tube. A spectrum is recorded or displayed on a Cathode Ray tube by changing the excitation of the 90° magnet which is analogous to changing the refractive index of a light prism. Further addons allow the use of a Electrostatic field to vary the output energy by a hundred eV or so. The Spectrometer was at times, and is now controlled by the use of Minicomputers or in modern times Microcomputers. The first commercial Implementation of a post column 90° sector field monochromator based EELS system was the Model 607 Serial EELS by Gatan.

=== Parallel 90° Sector field Spectrometer ===
This is a variation of the above monochromator, and uses a multipole corrector to project a full spectrum through the sector field magnet, which is then recorded onto the Szintillator of a CCD camera mounted at the end of the filter projective column. The first Commercial implementation of this Parallel EELS design was the [[Gatan Model 607 | Gatan Model 607 with Model 666 CCD Camera]]. This spectrometer also features a PMT for Serial data recording like the older Serial version. Modern 90° monochromators can still operate in this Fassion.

=== 90° Sector Field Imaging Spectrometer / Monochromator ===
Similar to the Parallel 90° Spectrometer, this type of Filter uses a 90° Dipole sector field magnet as its dispersive element, but with a number of multipole lenses in front and after the sectorfield, allowing the transmission of images like those of the In-Column Filters mentioned above. The position of the spectrometer on the Bottom mount camera port of a none purpose built machine comes with the downside of not having as high of an acceptance angle, and also not showing the filtered image on a normal viewscreen, relying on a Digital camera. This spectrometer design has now reached similar energy resolutions to the In-Column designs, while being adaptable to a very large amount of machines.

= Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy =

[[Category:Pages with broken file links]]

Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

2026-02-14T22:52:15Z

Lbochtler: Added basic description of some spectrometer types for EELS.

Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy is a analytical technique used in Transimssion Electron Microscopy. (This article is a stub, please add more information)
= Principle =
= Monochromator / Filter Types =
Monochromator types can be grouped into in-column monochromators and post column monochromators. In column monochromators where first commercially introduced by [[Carl Zeiss]] with the Castaing-Henry Monochromator based [[EM 902]] EFTEM (Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscope).
== In Column ==
In Column Filters are those that are inline with the Microscope column and usually located between two sets of Projector lens systems, and typically feature the ability to create energy filtered images allowing for element mapping, among other energy loss techniques. On some microscopes like the [[Libra 200 | Zeiss Libra 200]] the filter can be bypassed in image mode, by opening a beam stop and changing optical parameters.

=== Castaing-Henry Filter ===
[[File:Zeiss EM902 Castaing-Henry EELS Filter diagram.png|thumb|Castaing-Henry Monochromator diagram as seen in the Manual of the [[EM 902 | Zeiss EM 902]].]]
First implemented by Castaing and Henry within a [[Elmiskop 102 | Siemens Elmiskop 102]] to then later be adapted onto the newly developed [[EM 900 | Zeiss EM 900]] TEM, thus creating the [[EM 902]] EFTEM. It uses a Dipole Magnet to bend the electron beam by 90°, then reflecting it back into the Diopole via an Electrostatic Mirror, bending it by another 90° back onto the optical axis. Electrons with energies below or above the selected energy colide against the exet aperture in Image mode, and are bent away from the optical axis creating a Spectrogram on the Viewscreen / Camera in Spectrometer mode. Further the energy can be scanned using the exit slit and a PMT allowing digital aquesition of the spectrum via a PMT and Microcomputer (such as in the CEM 902). The Electrostatic Mirror is powered by the same High Voltage as the Electron Gun, thus a second Highvoltage cable originating from the Highvoltage tank goes into the side of the column.

=== Omega Filter ===
[[File:Zeiss EM912 Omega EELS Filter Diagram from manual.png|thumb|Omega Filter as seen in the [[EM 912 | Zeiss EM 912]] EFTEM. ]]
First implemented in the [[EM 912 | Zeiss EM 912]] EFTEM, now using 4 Dipoles to bend the into the shape of a sideways Omega, this filter design allowed higher resolutions then where achievable with the Castaing-Henry Filter, and also no longer requiring the use of a second High Voltage cable. This filter design was later licensed to [[JEOL]].

=== Corrected Omega Filter ===
[[File:ZEISS Libra 200 Corrected Omega EELS Filter Diagram from Manual.png|thumb|The corrected Omega Filter as seen in the [[Libra 200 | Zeiss Libra 200]] EFTEM. Featuring more multipoles used for correcting higher order aberrations then in the normal Omega Filter. ]]
First Implemented in the [[Sub Electron Volt Sub Ångström Microscope Project |Zeiss SESAM 1]], refined in the [[Sub Electron Volt Sub Ångström Microscope Project |Zeiss SESAM 2]] and brought to market in the [[Libra 200 | Zeiss Libra 200]] EFTEM. It features more Multipole lenses to correct higher order Aberration, and also features a bypass Methode allowing imaging without transmitting the image through the filter system. In order to get the best energy resolution out of the Corrected Omega filter, the use of a Omega Filtered [[Electron Guns | FEG]] is required, as is with all high resolution EELS filters. The [[Libra 200 | Zeiss Libra 200]] did not come standard with a Filtered Electron Gun, instead having it as an optional upgrade.

The Corrected Omega Filter also allowed for a higher acceptance angle then the filter designs preceding it, allowing for larger energy filtered electron diffraction patterns to be produced.

=== Mandoline Filter ===

This one of a kind energy filter was implemented in 2007 within the [[Sub Electron Volt Sub Ångström Microscope Project |Zeiss SESAM (SESAM 3)]] and is one of the highest energy resolution filters yet conceived, it also happens to be the largest mechanically speaking. It offers a very large acceptance angle allowing for large energy filtered diffraction patterns to be produced. It was only built a single time in the unique SESAM Electron Microscope, based on the Libra 200. This Microscope is the only surviving SESAM project microscope and is preserved in semi functional (in restoration) condition at the Museum of Electron Microscopy.

It features 3 Dipoles with even more multipole lenses then the corrected Omega filter, allowing for correction of even higher order aberrations then the corrected Omega.

=== Wien Filter ===
A coaxial in column Filter using crossed Electrostatic and Magnetic Fields to filter electrons. Implemented by [[JEOL]] in machines such as the Monochromated ARM200F. (add more information here)

=== Alfa Filter ===
This filter is another pure Magnetic filter, with the electron path fallowing the general shape of a sideways Alpha.

== Post Column ==
This type of filter is mounted below the column, typically on the camera port of a standard TEM. Unlike the in column filter, this type of EELS filter dose not require the creation of special purpose machine.
=== Serial 90° Scofield Monochromator ===
[[File:Gatan 607 Serial EELS sector field Filter Diagram.png|thumb|Serial EELS model 607 from [[Gatan]] featuring a 90° Sector Field Dipole monochromator.]]
The Serial 90° Sector Field Monochromator can be thought of, as analogous to a prism based light spectrometer with variable prism refractive index. The electron beam enteres the monochromator via the entrance aperture, and is relayed and focused by a projector lens mounted in front of the 90° dipole Analyzer. A Dipole Magnet bends the beam by 90° and into an Exit Slit, where a Szintillator converts the electron beam current into light, which is then measured by a Photomultiplier tube. A spectrum is recorded or displayed on a Cathode Ray tube by changing the excitation of the 90° magnet which is analogous to changing the refractive index of a light prism. Further addons allow the use of a Electrostatic field to vary the output energy by a hundred eV or so. The Spectrometer was at times, and is now controlled by the use of Minicomputers or in modern times Microcomputers. The first commercial Implementation of a post column 90° sector field monochromator based EELS system was the Model 607 Serial EELS by Gatan.

=== Parallel 90° Sector field Spectrometer ===
This is a variation of the above monochromator, and uses a multipole corrector to project a full spectrum through the sector field magnet, which is then recorded onto the Szintillator of a CCD camera mounted at the end of the filter projective column. The first Commercial implementation of this Parallel EELS design was the [[Gatan Model 607 | Gatan Model 607 with Model 666 CCD Camera]]. This spectrometer also features a PMT for Serial data recording like the older Serial version. Modern 90° monochromators can still operate in this Fassion.

=== 90° Sector Field Imaging Spectrometer / Monochromator ===
Similar to the Parallel 90° Spectrometer, this type of Filter uses a 90° Dipole sector field magnet as its dispersive element, but with a number of multipole lenses in front and after the sectorfield, allowing the transmission of images like those of the In-Column Filters mentioned above. The position of the spectrometer on the Bottom mount camera port of a none purpose built machine comes with the downside of not having as high of an acceptance angle, and also not showing the filtered image on a normal viewscreen, relying on a Digital camera. This spectrometer design has now reached similar energy resolutions to the In-Column designs, while being adaptable to a very large amount of machines.

= Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy =

Stigmator

2026-02-14T20:20:38Z

Lbochtler:

A Stigmator is a variable strength Cylinder lens used to correct Astigmatism in Electron Microscopes, proposed by [[O. Scherzer| Otto Scherzer]] and first implemented in the [[EM8 | AEG / Zeiss EM8]] by [[O. Rang]] in 1948. This device greatly increased the resolving power of the Electron Microscope and reduced the necessity for frequent cleaning of the optics. The device corrected the inevitable asymmetric shape of the lens field caused by manufacturing the optics, and the charging based parasitic lenses caused by contamination buildup in the optics and beampipes. There are many ways a Stigmator can be created, these include Magnetic and Electric types, the first practical Stigmator, as designed by Rang was Electrostatic.

At the time of its first implementation, the EM8 was the highest resolution Electron Microscope world wide, the Stigmator came standard in the subsequent EM8 versions sold. Microscopes like the [[ÜM 100]] from Siemens where retrofitted with Magnetic Stigmators of the Helical Moving Iron type, and where standard in later Iteration of the ÜM 100. Ever since, every Electron Microscope came standard with at least 1 Stigmator for the Objective Lens.

The Stigmator field has polar coordinates, and controls for such where historically in such, these being Amplitude and Angle. This was historically done by use of a [[Sin / Cos Potentiometer]] for the angle, and a linear potentiometer for the amplitude. Other machines like the [[EM 10 | Zeiss EM 10]] featured 2 linear potentiometers controlling the strength of each Quadrupole separately. Most modern machines feature the XY implementation of the Stigmator control.

= Types =
== Electrostatic Stigmator ==
[[File:O Rang Stigmator EM8.png|thumb|Schematic principle Electrostatic Stigmator designed by O. Rang as seen in the AEG Zeiss EM8]]
This Stigmator is the type originally designed by [[O. Rang]] and has 3 sets of electrodes arranged radially around a central bore. 1 set has a span of 90° and 2 sets have a span of 45°. The 90° segments are usually connected to ground, and the 2 sets of 45° segments connected to bipolar power supplies, changing the polarity and the voltage of these segment sets allows the creation of a continually rotatable and amplitude adjustable electrostatic cylinder lens. This type of Stigmator was first implemented in the [[EM8 | AEG / Zeiss EM8]] which allowed this machine to reach the highest resolution achieved at the time.

== Moving Iron Stigmator ==
=== 2 Pol Piece ===
This Stigmator type, works by moving 2 iron Pieces mounted opposite to one another on a brass bevel gear, and is mounted in the pol Piece gap of a magnetic pol Piece lens, The iron pieces create an asymmetric magnetic circuit geometry, which allows the correction of asymmetric magnetic fields in the lens system. Changing the strength of the Stigmator is either not possible, or more typically is done by changing the distance of the iron pieces to the pol Piece gap, either in height or in radius. Typically this type of Stigmator has a single control that turns this setup through 360° while changing the strength as rotation Control, usually having an indicating Gauge as to its strength.

This setup dose not allow perfect correction of astigmatism, as the Angle and Amplitude are coupled.
Example: [[ÜM 100 | Siemens ÜM 100]] (Objective), [[Elmiskop I | Siemens Elmiskop I]] (Condenser)
=== 4 Pol Piece ===
[[File:4 Polpiece Stigmator ElmiskopI.png|thumb|Structure and Operating Principle of the 4 Pol Piece Stigmator as seen in the Siemens Elmiskop I and IA]]
In the 4 Pol Piece setup, as featured in the [[Elmiskop I | Siemens Elmiskop I]] and [[Elmiskop IA | Siemens Elmiskop IA]], 2 sets of 2 iron pol pieces are mounted on 2 bevel gears, mechanically coupled in such a way, that both can turn together, allowing angle, and both running opposite to one another, thus allowing amplitude control. This setup is placed like the 2 Pol Piece setup, inside the magnetic circuit of the Objective lens (or other lens), where like the 2 pol piece, it is supplied by the flux of that lens. Maximum Stigmator power is present when both sets of pol pieces are in the same axis, and minimum Stigmator power is present when both sets are at 90° to one another.

This type of Stigmator has the disadvantage of requiring high precision in its manufacture to allow 0 Stigmator field.

== Quadrupole Stigmator ==
[[File:Quadropole Stigmator Tesla BS242E from Manual.png|thumb|The Quadrupole Stigmator of the BS242 showing its 4 pols (A,B,C,D) mounted on a azimuth bearing assembly controlled by a rod (E) going to an angle scales scribed on the outside of the column. ]]
In a Quadrupole Stigmator, a single Quadrupole lens is used as the correcting element, this lens has 2 north and 2 south poles each opposing one another and oriented at 90° to each other, forming a cross shaped structure. This lens Focuses in 1 axis, and defocuses in the 90° opposing axis, thus allowing correction of astigmatism. Since this Aberration is rarely in the exact axis of the Quadrupole, means of rotating this lens are needed. Machines with such a Stigmator have a mechanical Angle control, usually allowing 90° of Rotation, and an electrical control for the field strength. A notable Example of this Stigmator type is the [[BS 242 | Tesla BS 242]].
== Dual Quadrupole Stigmator ==
In the Double Quadrupole Stigmator, 2 Quadropoles offset by 45° to one another are used to create an electrically rotatable and amplitude adjustable Cylinder lens. This setup is not to be confused with an [[Octopole]] lens which also features 8 pole Pieces. In this setup the Quadrupole field is formed by having 2 sets of poles at various ratios of power next to one another. Thus allowing full 360° rotation of the field. These 2 interleaved Quadrupoles are controlled either by a [[Sin / Cos Potentiometer]] for Angle, and a Linear Potentiometer for Amplitude, or by 2 Linear potentiometers for each Quadrupole.
Example [[EM 10 | Zeiss EM 10]]

Stigmator

2026-02-14T20:17:24Z

Lbochtler: added quadrupole Stigmator picture.

A Stigmator is a variable strength Cylinder lens used to correct Astigmatism in Electron Microscopes, proposed by [[O. Scherzer| Otto Scherzer]] and first implemented in the [[EM8 | AEG / Zeiss EM8]] by [[O. Rang]] in 1948. This device greatly increased the resolving power of the Electron Microscope and reduced the necessity for frequent cleaning of the optics. The device corrected the inevitable asymmetric shape of the lens field caused by manufacturing the optics, and the charging based parasitic lenses caused by contamination buildup in the optics and beampipes. There are many ways a Stigmator can be created, these include Magnetic and Electric types, the first practical Stigmator, as designed by Rang was Electrostatic.

At the time of its first implementation, the EM8 was the highest resolution Electron Microscope world wide, the Stigmator came standard in the subsequent EM8 versions sold. Microscopes like the [[ÜM 100]] from Siemens where retrofitted with Magnetic Stigmators of the Helical Moving Iron type, and where standard in later Iteration of the ÜM 100. Ever since, every Electron Microscope came standard with at least 1 Stigmator for the Objective Lens.

The Stigmator field has polar coordinates, and controls for such where historically in such, these being Amplitude and Angle. This was historically done by use of a [[Sin / Cos Potentiometer]] for the angle, and a linear potentiometer for the amplitude. Other machines like the [[EM 10 | Zeiss EM 10]] featured 2 linear potentiometers controlling the strength of each Quadrupole separately. Most modern machines feature the XY implementation of the Stigmator control.

= Types =
== Electrostatic Stigmator ==
[[File:O Rang Stigmator EM8.png|thumb|Schematic principle Electrostatic Stigmator designed by O. Rang as seen in the AEG Zeiss EM8]]
This Stigmator is the type originally designed by [[O. Rang]] and has 3 sets of electrodes arranged radially around a central bore. 1 set has a span of 90° and 2 sets have a span of 45°. The 90° segments are usually connected to ground, and the 2 sets of 45° segments connected to bipolar power supplies, changing the polarity and the voltage of these segment sets allows the creation of a continually rotatable and amplitude adjustable electrostatic cylinder lens. This type of Stigmator was first implemented in the [[EM8 | AEG / Zeiss EM8]] which allowed this machine to reach the highest resolution achieved at the time.

== Moving Iron Stigmator ==
=== 2 Pol Piece ===
This Stigmator type, works by moving 2 iron Pieces mounted opposite to one another on a brass bevel gear, and is mounted in the pol Piece gap of a magnetic pol Piece lens, The iron pieces create an asymmetric magnetic circuit geometry, which allows the correction of asymmetric magnetic fields in the lens system. Changing the strength of the Stigmator is either not possible, or more typically is done by changing the distance of the iron pieces to the pol Piece gap, either in height or in radius. Typically this type of Stigmator has a single control that turns this setup through 360° while changing the strength as rotation Control, usually having an indicating Gauge as to its strength.

This setup dose not allow perfect correction of astigmatism, as the Angle and Amplitude are coupled.
Example: [[ÜM 100 | Siemens ÜM 100]] (Objective), [[Elmiskop I | Siemens Elmiskop I]] (Condenser)
=== 4 Pol Piece ===
[[File:4 Polpiece Stigmator ElmiskopI.png|thumb|Structure and Operating Principle of the 4 Pol Piece Stigmator as seen in the Siemens Elmiskop I and IA]]
In the 4 Pol Piece setup, as featured in the [[Elmiskop I | Siemens Elmiskop I]] and [[Elmiskop IA | Siemens Elmiskop IA]], 2 sets of 2 iron pol pieces are mounted on 2 bevel gears, mechanically coupled in such a way, that both can turn together, allowing angle, and both running opposite to one another, thus allowing amplitude control. This setup is placed like the 2 Pol Piece setup, inside the magnetic circuit of the Objective lens (or other lens), where like the 2 pol piece, it is supplied by the flux of that lens. Maximum Stigmator power is present when both sets of pol pieces are in the same axis, and minimum Stigmator power is present when both sets are at 90° to one another.

This type of Stigmator has the disadvantage of requiring high precision in its manufacture to allow 0 Stigmator field.

== Quadrupole Stigmator ==
[[File:Quadropole Stigmator Tesla BS242E from Manual.png|thumb|The Quadrupole Stigmator of the BS242 showing its 4 pols mounted on a azimuth bearing assembly controlled by a rod going to an angle scales scribed on the outside of the column. ]]
In a Quadrupole Stigmator, a single Quadrupole lens is used as the correcting element, this lens has 2 north and 2 south poles each opposing one another and oriented at 90° to each other, forming a cross shaped structure. This lens Focuses in 1 axis, and defocuses in the 90° opposing axis, thus allowing correction of astigmatism. Since this Aberration is rarely in the exact axis of the Quadrupole, means of rotating this lens are needed. Machines with such a Stigmator have a mechanical Angle control, usually allowing 90° of Rotation, and an electrical control for the field strength. A notable Example of this Stigmator type is the [[BS 242 | Tesla BS 242]].
== Dual Quadrupole Stigmator ==
In the Double Quadrupole Stigmator, 2 Quadropoles offset by 45° to one another are used to create an electrically rotatable and amplitude adjustable Cylinder lens. This setup is not to be confused with an [[Octopole]] lens which also features 8 pole Pieces. In this setup the Quadrupole field is formed by having 2 sets of poles at various ratios of power next to one another. Thus allowing full 360° rotation of the field. These 2 interleaved Quadrupoles are controlled either by a [[Sin / Cos Potentiometer]] for Angle, and a Linear Potentiometer for Amplitude, or by 2 Linear potentiometers for each Quadrupole.
Example [[EM 10 | Zeiss EM 10]]

Stigmator

2026-02-14T19:56:25Z

Lbochtler: added pictures of the 4 polpiece iron Stigmator and Rang electrostatic Stigmator

A Stigmator is a variable strength Cylinder lens used to correct Astigmatism in Electron Microscopes, proposed by [[O. Scherzer| Otto Scherzer]] and first implemented in the [[EM8 | AEG / Zeiss EM8]] by [[O. Rang]] in 1948. This device greatly increased the resolving power of the Electron Microscope and reduced the necessity for frequent cleaning of the optics. The device corrected the inevitable asymmetric shape of the lens field caused by manufacturing the optics, and the charging based parasitic lenses caused by contamination buildup in the optics and beampipes. There are many ways a Stigmator can be created, these include Magnetic and Electric types, the first practical Stigmator, as designed by Rang was Electrostatic.

At the time of its first implementation, the EM8 was the highest resolution Electron Microscope world wide, the Stigmator came standard in the subsequent EM8 versions sold. Microscopes like the [[ÜM 100]] from Siemens where retrofitted with Magnetic Stigmators of the Helical Moving Iron type, and where standard in later Iteration of the ÜM 100. Ever since, every Electron Microscope came standard with at least 1 Stigmator for the Objective Lens.

The Stigmator field has polar coordinates, and controls for such where historically in such, these being Amplitude and Angle. This was historically done by use of a [[Sin / Cos Potentiometer]] for the angle, and a linear potentiometer for the amplitude. Other machines like the [[EM 10 | Zeiss EM 10]] featured 2 linear potentiometers controlling the strength of each Quadrupole separately. Most modern machines feature the XY implementation of the Stigmator control.

= Types =
== Electrostatic Stigmator ==
[[File:O Rang Stigmator EM8.png|thumb|Schematic principle Electrostatic Stigmator designed by O. Rang as seen in the AEG Zeiss EM8]]
This Stigmator is the type originally designed by [[O. Rang]] and has 3 sets of electrodes arranged radially around a central bore. 1 set has a span of 90° and 2 sets have a span of 45°. The 90° segments are usually connected to ground, and the 2 sets of 45° segments connected to bipolar power supplies, changing the polarity and the voltage of these segment sets allows the creation of a continually rotatable and amplitude adjustable electrostatic cylinder lens. This type of Stigmator was first implemented in the [[EM8 | AEG / Zeiss EM8]] which allowed this machine to reach the highest resolution achieved at the time.

== Moving Iron Stigmator ==
=== 2 Pol Piece ===
This Stigmator type, works by moving 2 iron Pieces mounted opposite to one another on a brass bevel gear, and is mounted in the pol Piece gap of a magnetic pol Piece lens, The iron pieces create an asymmetric magnetic circuit geometry, which allows the correction of asymmetric magnetic fields in the lens system. Changing the strength of the Stigmator is either not possible, or more typically is done by changing the distance of the iron pieces to the pol Piece gap, either in height or in radius. Typically this type of Stigmator has a single control that turns this setup through 360° while changing the strength as rotation Control, usually having an indicating Gauge as to its strength.

This setup dose not allow perfect correction of astigmatism, as the Angle and Amplitude are coupled.
Example: [[ÜM 100 | Siemens ÜM 100]] (Objective), [[Elmiskop I | Siemens Elmiskop I]] (Condenser)
=== 4 Pol Piece ===
[[File:4 Polpiece Stigmator ElmiskopI.png|thumb|Structure and Operating Principle of the 4 Pol Piece Stigmator as seen in the Siemens Elmiskop I and IA]]
In the 4 Pol Piece setup, as featured in the [[Elmiskop I | Siemens Elmiskop I]] and [[Elmiskop IA | Siemens Elmiskop IA]], 2 sets of 2 iron pol pieces are mounted on 2 bevel gears, mechanically coupled in such a way, that both can turn together, allowing angle, and both running opposite to one another, thus allowing amplitude control. This setup is placed like the 2 Pol Piece setup, inside the magnetic circuit of the Objective lens (or other lens), where like the 2 pol piece, it is supplied by the flux of that lens. Maximum Stigmator power is present when both sets of pol pieces are in the same axis, and minimum Stigmator power is present when both sets are at 90° to one another.

This type of Stigmator has the disadvantage of requiring high precision in its manufacture to allow 0 Stigmator field.

== Quadrupole Stigmator ==
In a Quadrupole Stigmator, a single Quadrupole lens is used as the correcting element, this lens has 2 north and 2 south poles each opposing one another and oriented at 90° to each other, forming a cross shaped structure. This lens Focuses in 1 axis, and defocuses in the 90° opposing axis, thus allowing correction of astigmatism. Since this Aberration is rarely in the exact axis of the Quadrupole, means of rotating this lens are needed. Machines with such a Stigmator have a mechanical Angle control, usually allowing 90° of Rotation, and an electrical control for the field strength. A notable Example of this Stigmator type is the [[BS 242 | Tesla BS 242]].
== Dual Quadrupole Stigmator ==
In the Double Quadrupole Stigmator, 2 Quadropoles offset by 45° to one another are used to create an electrically rotatable and amplitude adjustable Cylinder lens. This setup is not to be confused with an [[Octopole]] lens which also features 8 pole Pieces. In this setup the Quadrupole field is formed by having 2 sets of poles at various ratios of power next to one another. Thus allowing full 360° rotation of the field. These 2 interleaved Quadrupoles are controlled either by a [[Sin / Cos Potentiometer]] for Angle, and a Linear Potentiometer for Amplitude, or by 2 Linear potentiometers for each Quadrupole.
Example [[EM 10 | Zeiss EM 10]]

Stigmator

2026-02-14T19:32:22Z

Lbochtler: added text about the basic types of stigmator

A Stigmator is a variable strength Cylinder lens used to correct Astigmatism in Electron Microscopes, proposed by [[O. Scherzer| Otto Scherzer]] and first implemented in the [[EM8 | AEG / Zeiss EM8]] by [[O. Rang]] in 1948. This device greatly increased the resolving power of the Electron Microscope and reduced the necessity for frequent cleaning of the optics. The device corrected the inevitable asymmetric shape of the lens field caused by manufacturing the optics, and the charging based parasitic lenses caused by contamination buildup in the optics and beampipes. There are many ways a Stigmator can be created, these include Magnetic and Electric types, the first practical Stigmator, as designed by Rang was Electrostatic.

At the time of its first implementation, the EM8 was the highest resolution Electron Microscope world wide, the Stigmator came standard in the subsequent EM8 versions sold. Microscopes like the [[ÜM 100]] from Siemens where retrofitted with Magnetic Stigmators of the Helical Moving Iron type, and where standard in later Iteration of the ÜM 100. Ever since, every Electron Microscope came standard with at least 1 Stigmator for the Objective Lens.

The Stigmator field has polar coordinates, and controls for such where historically in such, these being Amplitude and Angle. This was historically done by use of a [[Sin / Cos Potentiometer]] for the angle, and a linear potentiometer for the amplitude. Other machines like the [[EM 10 | Zeiss EM 10]] featured 2 linear potentiometers controlling the strength of each Quadrupole separately. Most modern machines feature the XY implementation of the Stigmator control.

= Types =
== Electrostatic Stigmator ==
This Stigmator is the type originally designed by [[O. Rang]] and has 3 sets of electrodes arranged radially around a central bore. 1 set has a span of 90° and 2 sets have a span of 45°. The 90° segments are usually connected to ground, and the 2 sets of 45° segments connected to bipolar power supplies, changing the polarity and the voltage of these segment sets allows the creation of a continually rotatable and amplitude adjustable electrostatic cylinder lens. This type of Stigmator was first implemented in the [[EM8 | AEG / Zeiss EM8]] which allowed this machine to reach the highest resolution achieved at the time.

== Moving Iron Stigmator ==
=== 2 Pol Piece ===
This Stigmator type, works by moving 2 iron Pieces mounted opposite to one another on a brass bevel gear, and is mounted in the pol Piece gap of a magnetic pol Piece lens, The iron pieces create an asymmetric magnetic circuit geometry, which allows the correction of asymmetric magnetic fields in the lens system. Changing the strength of the Stigmator is either not possible, or more typically is done by changing the distance of the iron pieces to the pol Piece gap, either in height or in radius. Typically this type of Stigmator has a single control that turns this setup through 360° while changing the strength as rotation Control, usually having an indicating Gauge as to its strength.

This setup dose not allow perfect correction of astigmatism, as the Angle and Amplitude are coupled.
Example: [[ÜM 100 | Siemens ÜM 100]] (Objective), [[Elmiskop I | Siemens Elmiskop I]] (Condenser)
=== 4 Pol Piece ===
In the 4 Pol Piece setup, as featured in the [[Elmiskop I | Siemens Elmiskop I]] and [[Elmiskop IA | Siemens Elmiskop IA]], 2 sets of 2 iron pol pieces are mounted on 2 bevel gears, mechanically coupled in such a way, that both can turn together, allowing angle, and both running opposite to one another, thus allowing amplitude control. This setup is placed like the 2 Pol Piece setup, inside the magnetic circuit of the Objective lens (or other lens), where like the 2 pol piece, it is supplied by the flux of that lens. Maximum Stigmator power is present when both sets of pol pieces are in the same axis, and minimum Stigmator power is present when both sets are at 90° to one another.

This type of Stigmator has the disadvantage of requiring high precision in its manufacture to allow 0 Stigmator field.

== Quadrupole Stigmator ==
In a Quadrupole Stigmator, a single Quadrupole lens is used as the correcting element, this lens has 2 north and 2 south poles each opposing one another and oriented at 90° to each other, forming a cross shaped structure. This lens Focuses in 1 axis, and defocuses in the 90° opposing axis, thus allowing correction of astigmatism. Since this Aberration is rarely in the exact axis of the Quadrupole, means of rotating this lens are needed. Machines with such a Stigmator have a mechanical Angle control, usually allowing 90° of Rotation, and an electrical control for the field strength. A notable Example of this Stigmator type is the [[BS 242 | Tesla BS 242]].
== Dual Quadrupole Stigmator ==
In the Double Quadrupole Stigmator, 2 Quadropoles offset by 45° to one another are used to create an electrically rotatable and amplitude adjustable Cylinder lens. This setup is not to be confused with an [[Octopole]] lens which also features 8 pole Pieces. In this setup the Quadrupole field is formed by having 2 sets of poles at various ratios of power next to one another. Thus allowing full 360° rotation of the field. These 2 interleaved Quadrupoles are controlled either by a [[Sin / Cos Potentiometer]] for Angle, and a Linear Potentiometer for Amplitude, or by 2 Linear potentiometers for each Quadrupole.
Example [[EM 10 | Zeiss EM 10]]

Stigmator

2026-02-14T19:12:03Z

Lbochtler: Created stub for Stigmator

Main Page

2026-02-03T01:14:18Z

Lbochtler: /* Short Content List */

[[File:Elmiskop1-Front-Brochure.jpg|thumb|The Siemens [[Elmiskop 1]] Transmission Electron Microscope]]
The Microscopy wiki is dedicated to archiving and cataloging every microscope ever created by man, as well as their associated documentation, as well as some example images.
[[File:Autoscan Column.jpg|thumb|left|The Column of the [[ETEC Autoscan]] [[Scanning Electron Microscope]] with opened Sample Chamber]]
== Short Content List ==

=== Microsocpes ===
{{#tree:
*[[Light Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Light Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ernst Leitz Wetzlar]]
{{#dpl:category=Leitz LM|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Electron Microscope]]
**[[Siemens]]
{{#dpl:category=Siemens|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Carl Zeiss]]
{{#dpl:category=Zeiss|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[JEOL]]
{{#dpl:category=JEOL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Hitachi]]
{{#dpl:category=Hitachi|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Philips]]
{{#dpl:category=Philips|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[FEI]]
{{#dpl:category=FEI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Tesla]]
{{#dpl:category=Tesla|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Tescan]]
{{#dpl:category=Tescan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[AEI]]
{{#dpl:category=AEI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Cambridge]]
{{#dpl:category=Cambridge|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[RCA]]
{{#dpl:category=RCA|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[ISI]]
{{#dpl:category=ISI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Etec Corporation|ETEC]]
{{#dpl:category=ETEC|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Amray]]
{{#dpl:category=Amray|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ernst Leitz Wetzlar]]
{{#dpl:category=Leitz|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Nanometrix]]
{{#dpl:category=Nanometrix|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie]]
{{#dpl:category=Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Trüb Täuber & Co]]
{{#dpl:category=Trüb Täuber & Co|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Plessey]]
{{#dpl:category=Plessey|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Bosch]]
{{#dpl:category=Bosch|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[RJ Lee]]
{{#dpl:category=RJ Lee|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Aspex]]
{{#dpl:category=Aspex|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[ARL]]
{{#dpl:category=ARL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Electroscan]]
{{#dpl:category=Electroscan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Camica]]
{{#dpl:category=Cameca|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Cameca]]
{{#dpl:category=CamScan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[SELMI]]
{{#dpl:category=SELMI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Quantum Design]]
{{#dpl:category=Quantum Design|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

*[[Electron Beam Lithography]]
{{#dpl:category=Electron Beam Lithography|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[IBM]]
{{#dpl:category=IBM|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[JEOL]]
{{#dpl:category=JEOL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

*[[Ion Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Ion Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Xray Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Xray Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

=== Other ===
{{#tree:
*[[Microtome]]
{{#dpl:category=Microtome|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Ultramicrotome]]
{{#dpl:category=Ultramicrotome|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Evaporator]]
{{#dpl:category=Evaporator|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Sputter Coater]]
{{#dpl:category=Sputter Coater|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Cryo Equipment]]
**[[Reichert & Jung]]
{{#dpl:category=Reichert & Jung - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
***[[KF80|KF80 - Plunge Freezer]]
*[[Vacuum Equipment]]
**[[Leybold]]
{{#dpl:category=Leybold - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Hreaeus]]
{{#dpl:category=Hreaeus - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Leybold Hreaeus]]
{{#dpl:category=Leybold Hreaeus - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

**[[Alcatel]]
{{#dpl:category=Alcatel|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Pfeifer]]
{{#dpl:category=Pfeifer|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Vacubrand]]
{{#dpl:category=Vacubrand|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Edwards]]
{{#dpl:category=Edwards|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Sargent Welsh]]
{{#dpl:category=Sargent Welsh|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

=== Researchers ===
{{#tree:
*Germany
{{#dpl:category=German Researcher|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

[[Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function]]

= Recent Changes =

<news/>

[[Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function]]

Main Page

2026-02-03T01:10:28Z

Lbochtler:

[[File:Elmiskop1-Front-Brochure.jpg|thumb|The Siemens [[Elmiskop 1]] Transmission Electron Microscope]]
The Microscopy wiki is dedicated to archiving and cataloging every microscope ever created by man, as well as their associated documentation, as well as some example images.
[[File:Autoscan Column.jpg|thumb|left|The Column of the [[ETEC Autoscan]] [[Scanning Electron Microscope]] with opened Sample Chamber]]
== Short Content List ==

=== Microsocpes ===
{{#tree:
*[[Light Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Light Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ernst Leitz Wetzlar]]
{{#dpl:category=Leitz LM|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Electron Microscope]]
**[[Siemens]]
{{#dpl:category=Siemens|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Carl Zeiss]]
{{#dpl:category=Zeiss|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[JEOL]]
{{#dpl:category=JEOL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Hitachi]]
{{#dpl:category=Hitachi|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Philips]]
{{#dpl:category=Philips|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[FEI]]
{{#dpl:category=FEI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Tesla]]
{{#dpl:category=Tesla|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Tescan]]
{{#dpl:category=Tescan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[AEI]]
{{#dpl:category=AEI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Cambridge]]
{{#dpl:category=Cambridge|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[RCA]]
{{#dpl:category=RCA|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[ISI]]
{{#dpl:category=ISI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Etec Corporation|ETEC]]
{{#dpl:category=ETEC|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Amray]]
{{#dpl:category=Amray|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ernst Leitz Wetzlar]]
{{#dpl:category=Leitz|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Nanometrix]]
{{#dpl:category=Nanometrix|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie]]
{{#dpl:category=Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Trüb Täuber & Co]]
{{#dpl:category=Trüb Täuber & Co|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Plessey]]
{{#dpl:category=Plessey|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Bosch]]
{{#dpl:category=Bosch|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[RJ Lee]]
{{#dpl:category=RJ Lee|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Aspex]]
{{#dpl:category=Aspex|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[ARL]]
{{#dpl:category=ARL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Electroscan]]
{{#dpl:category=Electroscan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Camica]]
{{#dpl:category=Camica|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[CamScan]]
{{#dpl:category=CamScan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[SELMI]]
{{#dpl:category=SELMI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Quantum Design]]
{{#dpl:category=Quantum Design|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

*[[Electron Beam Lithography]]
{{#dpl:category=Electron Beam Lithography|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[IBM]]
{{#dpl:category=IBM|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[JEOL]]
{{#dpl:category=JEOL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

*[[Ion Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Ion Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Xray Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Xray Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

=== Other ===
{{#tree:
*[[Microtome]]
{{#dpl:category=Microtome|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Ultramicrotome]]
{{#dpl:category=Ultramicrotome|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Evaporator]]
{{#dpl:category=Evaporator|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Sputter Coater]]
{{#dpl:category=Sputter Coater|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Cryo Equipment]]
**[[Reichert & Jung]]
{{#dpl:category=Reichert & Jung - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
***[[KF80|KF80 - Plunge Freezer]]
*[[Vacuum Equipment]]
**[[Leybold]]
{{#dpl:category=Leybold - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Hreaeus]]
{{#dpl:category=Hreaeus - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Leybold Hreaeus]]
{{#dpl:category=Leybold Hreaeus - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

**[[Alcatel]]
{{#dpl:category=Alcatel|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Pfeifer]]
{{#dpl:category=Pfeifer|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Vacubrand]]
{{#dpl:category=Vacubrand|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Edwards]]
{{#dpl:category=Edwards|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Sargent Welsh]]
{{#dpl:category=Sargent Welsh|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

=== Researchers ===
{{#tree:
*Germany
{{#dpl:category=German Researcher|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

= Recent Changes =

<news/>

[[Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function]]

Cambridge

2026-02-02T21:31:46Z

Lbochtler: updated picture of S600

The Cambridge Instrument Company located in Cambridge UK, was the first commercial manufacturer of Scanning Electron Microscopes.

= Scanning Electron Microscopes =

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Cambridge SEM-1
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-SEM1-taken-in-1953-38-p52.png
|Year=1953
|Successor=Stereoscan MKI
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKI
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan MK1 2.png
|Year=1965
|Successor=Stereoscan MKII
|Magnification Range= 20x - 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 4.5 - 5kVA
|System Weight= 2064 kg
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 1 kV - 20 kV
|Stability= 30 ppm / 5 min
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= None
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 25mm
|Z Travel Range= 15mm
|Tilt Range= 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <20 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-Stereoscan-mk2-redrawn.jpg
|Year= 1966
|Successor=Stereoscan S4
|Magnification Range= 20x - 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 4.5 - 5kVA
|System Weight= 1247 Kg (2064kg)
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 1 kV - 20 kV
|Stability= 30 ppm / 5 min
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= None
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 25mm
|Z Travel Range= 15mm
|Tilt Range= 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <15 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan S4 from brochure.png
|Year= 1969
|Successor=Stereoscan S4-10
|Magnification Range= 40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4.5 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric & Eucentric (optional)
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= +-12.5 mm
|Z Travel Range= 35mm
|Tilt Range= 45°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <15 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4-10
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan S4-10.jpg
|Year=1972 - 1974
|Successor=Stereoscan S250 MK I
|Magnification Range=40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemen Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical & Magnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= none
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= none
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polpiece and Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric / Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= Stage Dependent 25mm
|Z Travel Range=Stage Dependent 15mm
|Tilt Range= Stage Dependent 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 180
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Steroscan 180.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 150
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 600
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 600 from brochure.png
|Year= 1976
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20x to 50kx
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=2.6 kVA
|System Weight= 454 kg (base configuration)
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=1.5, 7.5, 15, 25 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 13 mm
|Z Travel Range= 20 mm
|Tilt Range= 0-90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <25 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Palette Stage
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 90
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 90 from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan 120
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 100
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 100 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 200
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 200 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 250 Mk 1
|Microscope Picture File= Cambridge - Stereoscan 250 MK2 - overview.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 250 MKII
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan Model 250 MKIII
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 50 MKIII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 250 MK III from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20x - 300kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Digital
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 2 kVA
|System Weight= 628 Kg
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 500v - 40kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Electromagnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 100mm - 3.5mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <5 nm (Tungsten) / <3.5 nm (LaB6)
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swingout Door
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor r
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 120
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 120 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 0.3 kV - 30 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <5 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 360
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 360 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 200 v - 40 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= 3.5 nm (Tungsten) / 2.5 nm (LaB6)
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor
}}

{{#DeviceInfoBox2:sem|Stereoscan 250 MK III||
accel=Self Biased Triode;
accel_volt=0.5 - 40 KV;
cath_type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6;
objl_type=Electromagnetic;
power=2 KVA;
weight=628 Kg;
objl_res=50Å;
conl_stig=Electromagnetic Octopol;
mag_range=20x - 300Kx;
|}}

= Electron Probe Micro Analyzers =
*Microscan V
*[[Cambridge Geoscan|Geoscan]]

[[Category:EM Templates]]

Cambridge

2026-02-02T21:25:35Z

Lbochtler: changed picture of S250 mk2 to the MK1, which is actually pictured, unlike what the book its from claimed.

The Cambridge Instrument Company located in Cambridge UK, was the first commercial manufacturer of Scanning Electron Microscopes.

= Scanning Electron Microscopes =

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Cambridge SEM-1
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-SEM1-taken-in-1953-38-p52.png
|Year=1953
|Successor=Stereoscan MKI
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKI
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan MK1 2.png
|Year=1965
|Successor=Stereoscan MKII
|Magnification Range= 20x - 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 4.5 - 5kVA
|System Weight= 2064 kg
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 1 kV - 20 kV
|Stability= 30 ppm / 5 min
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= None
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 25mm
|Z Travel Range= 15mm
|Tilt Range= 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <20 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-Stereoscan-mk2-redrawn.jpg
|Year= 1966
|Successor=Stereoscan S4
|Magnification Range= 20x - 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 4.5 - 5kVA
|System Weight= 1247 Kg (2064kg)
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 1 kV - 20 kV
|Stability= 30 ppm / 5 min
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= None
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 25mm
|Z Travel Range= 15mm
|Tilt Range= 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <15 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan S4 from brochure.png
|Year= 1969
|Successor=Stereoscan S4-10
|Magnification Range= 40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4.5 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric & Eucentric (optional)
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= +-12.5 mm
|Z Travel Range= 35mm
|Tilt Range= 45°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <15 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4-10
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan S4-10.jpg
|Year=1972 - 1974
|Successor=Stereoscan S250 MK I
|Magnification Range=40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemen Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical & Magnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= none
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= none
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polpiece and Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric / Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= Stage Dependent 25mm
|Z Travel Range=Stage Dependent 15mm
|Tilt Range= Stage Dependent 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 180
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Steroscan 180.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 150
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 600
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 600.jpg
|Year= 1976
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20x to 50kx
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=2.6 kVA
|System Weight= 454 kg (base configuration)
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=1.5, 7.5, 15, 25 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 13 mm
|Z Travel Range= 20 mm
|Tilt Range= 0-90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <25 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Palette Stage
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 90
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 90 from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan 120
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 100
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 100 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 200
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 200 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 250 Mk 1
|Microscope Picture File= Cambridge - Stereoscan 250 MK2 - overview.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 250 MKII
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan Model 250 MKIII
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 50 MKIII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 250 MK III from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20x - 300kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Digital
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 2 kVA
|System Weight= 628 Kg
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 500v - 40kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Electromagnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 100mm - 3.5mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <5 nm (Tungsten) / <3.5 nm (LaB6)
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swingout Door
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor r
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 120
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 120 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 0.3 kV - 30 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <5 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 360
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 360 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 200 v - 40 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= 3.5 nm (Tungsten) / 2.5 nm (LaB6)
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor
}}

{{#DeviceInfoBox2:sem|Stereoscan 250 MK III||
accel=Self Biased Triode;
accel_volt=0.5 - 40 KV;
cath_type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6;
objl_type=Electromagnetic;
power=2 KVA;
weight=628 Kg;
objl_res=50Å;
conl_stig=Electromagnetic Octopol;
mag_range=20x - 300Kx;
|}}

= Electron Probe Micro Analyzers =
*Microscan V
*[[Cambridge Geoscan|Geoscan]]

[[Category:EM Templates]]

Cambridge

2026-02-02T21:24:12Z

Lbochtler:

The Cambridge Instrument Company located in Cambridge UK, was the first commercial manufacturer of Scanning Electron Microscopes.

= Scanning Electron Microscopes =

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Cambridge SEM-1
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-SEM1-taken-in-1953-38-p52.png
|Year=1953
|Successor=Stereoscan MKI
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKI
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan MK1 2.png
|Year=1965
|Successor=Stereoscan MKII
|Magnification Range= 20x - 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 4.5 - 5kVA
|System Weight= 2064 kg
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 1 kV - 20 kV
|Stability= 30 ppm / 5 min
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= None
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 25mm
|Z Travel Range= 15mm
|Tilt Range= 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <20 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-Stereoscan-mk2-redrawn.jpg
|Year= 1966
|Successor=Stereoscan S4
|Magnification Range= 20x - 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 4.5 - 5kVA
|System Weight= 1247 Kg (2064kg)
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 1 kV - 20 kV
|Stability= 30 ppm / 5 min
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= None
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 25mm
|Z Travel Range= 15mm
|Tilt Range= 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <15 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan S4 from brochure.png
|Year= 1969
|Successor=Stereoscan S4-10
|Magnification Range= 40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4.5 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric & Eucentric (optional)
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= +-12.5 mm
|Z Travel Range= 35mm
|Tilt Range= 45°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <15 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4-10
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan S4-10.jpg
|Year=1972 - 1974
|Successor=Stereoscan S250 MK I
|Magnification Range=40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemen Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical & Magnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= none
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= none
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polpiece and Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric / Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= Stage Dependent 25mm
|Z Travel Range=Stage Dependent 15mm
|Tilt Range= Stage Dependent 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 180
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Steroscan 180.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 150
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 600
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 600.jpg
|Year= 1976
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20x to 50kx
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=2.6 kVA
|System Weight= 454 kg (base configuration)
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=1.5, 7.5, 15, 25 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 13 mm
|Z Travel Range= 20 mm
|Tilt Range= 0-90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <25 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Palette Stage
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 90
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 90 from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan 120
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 100
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 100 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 200
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 200 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 250 Mk 1
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 250 MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 250 MK2 - overview.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan Model 250 MKIII
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 50 MKIII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 250 MK III from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20x - 300kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Digital
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 2 kVA
|System Weight= 628 Kg
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 500v - 40kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Electromagnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 100mm - 3.5mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <5 nm (Tungsten) / <3.5 nm (LaB6)
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swingout Door
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor r
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 120
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 120 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 0.3 kV - 30 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <5 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 360
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 360 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 200 v - 40 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= 3.5 nm (Tungsten) / 2.5 nm (LaB6)
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor
}}

{{#DeviceInfoBox2:sem|Stereoscan 250 MK III||
accel=Self Biased Triode;
accel_volt=0.5 - 40 KV;
cath_type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6;
objl_type=Electromagnetic;
power=2 KVA;
weight=628 Kg;
objl_res=50Å;
conl_stig=Electromagnetic Octopol;
mag_range=20x - 300Kx;
|}}

= Electron Probe Micro Analyzers =
*Microscan V
*[[Cambridge Geoscan|Geoscan]]

[[Category:EM Templates]]

Cambridge

2026-02-02T21:22:18Z

Lbochtler: added stage loading types

The Cambridge Instrument Company located in Cambridge UK, was the first commercial manufacturer of Scanning Electron Microscopes.

= Scanning Electron Microscopes =

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Cambridge SEM-1
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-SEM1-taken-in-1953-38-p52.png
|Year=1953
|Successor=Stereoscan MKI
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKI
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan MK1 2.png
|Year=1965
|Successor=Stereoscan MKII
|Magnification Range= 20x - 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 4.5 - 5kVA
|System Weight= 2064 kg
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 1 kV - 20 kV
|Stability= 30 ppm / 5 min
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= None
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 25mm
|Z Travel Range= 15mm
|Tilt Range= 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <20 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-Stereoscan-mk2-redrawn.jpg
|Year= 1966
|Successor=Stereoscan S4
|Magnification Range= 20x - 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 4.5 - 5kVA
|System Weight= 1247 Kg (2064kg)
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 1 kV - 20 kV
|Stability= 30 ppm / 5 min
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= None
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 25mm
|Z Travel Range= 15mm
|Tilt Range= 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <15 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan S4 from brochure.png
|Year= 1969
|Successor=Stereoscan S4-10
|Magnification Range= 40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4.5 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric & Eucentric (optional)
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= +-12.5 mm
|Z Travel Range= 35mm
|Tilt Range= 45°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <15 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4-10
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan S4-10.jpg
|Year=1972 - 1974
|Successor=Stereoscan S250 MK I
|Magnification Range=40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemen Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical & Magnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= none
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= none
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polpiece and Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric / Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= Stage Dependent 25mm
|Z Travel Range=Stage Dependent 15mm
|Tilt Range= Stage Dependent 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 180
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Steroscan 180.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 150
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 600
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 600.jpg
|Year= 1976
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20x to 50kx
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=2.6 kVA
|System Weight= 454 kg (base configuration)
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=1.5, 7.5, 15, 25 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 13 mm
|Z Travel Range= 20 mm
|Tilt Range= 0-90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <25 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Palette Stage
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 90
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 90 from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan 120
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 100
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 100 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 200
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 200 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 250 Mk 1
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 250 MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 250 MK2 - overview.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan Model 250 MKIII
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 50 MKIII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 250 MK III from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20x - 300kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Digital
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 2 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 500v - 40kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Electromagnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 100mm - 3.5mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <5 nm (Tungsten) / <3.5 nm (LaB6)
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swingout Door
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor r
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 120
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 120 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 0.3 kV - 30 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <5 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 360
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 360 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 200 v - 40 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= 3.5 nm (Tungsten) / 2.5 nm (LaB6)
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swing out Door
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor
}}

{{#DeviceInfoBox2:sem|Stereoscan 250 MK III||
accel=Self Biased Triode;
accel_volt=0.5 - 40 KV;
cath_type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6;
objl_type=Electromagnetic;
power=2 KVA;
weight=628 Kg;
objl_res=50Å;
conl_stig=Electromagnetic Octopol;
mag_range=20x - 300Kx;
|}}

= Electron Probe Micro Analyzers =
*Microscan V
*[[Cambridge Geoscan|Geoscan]]

[[Category:EM Templates]]

Cambridge

2026-02-02T21:19:01Z

Lbochtler: format error on stability

The Cambridge Instrument Company located in Cambridge UK, was the first commercial manufacturer of Scanning Electron Microscopes.

= Scanning Electron Microscopes =

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Cambridge SEM-1
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-SEM1-taken-in-1953-38-p52.png
|Year=1953
|Successor=Stereoscan MKI
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKI
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan MK1 2.png
|Year=1965
|Successor=Stereoscan MKII
|Magnification Range= 20x - 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 4.5 - 5kVA
|System Weight= 2064 kg
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 1 kV - 20 kV
|Stability= 30 ppm / 5 min
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= None
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 25mm
|Z Travel Range= 15mm
|Tilt Range= 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <20 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-Stereoscan-mk2-redrawn.jpg
|Year= 1966
|Successor=Stereoscan S4
|Magnification Range= 20x - 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 4.5 - 5kVA
|System Weight= 1247 Kg (2064kg)
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 1 kV - 20 kV
|Stability= 30 ppm / 5 min
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= None
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 25mm
|Z Travel Range= 15mm
|Tilt Range= 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability= 15 ppm / 5 min
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <15 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan S4 from brochure.png
|Year= 1969
|Successor=Stereoscan S4-10
|Magnification Range= 40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4.5 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric & Eucentric (optional)
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= +-12.5 mm
|Z Travel Range= 35mm
|Tilt Range= 45°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <15 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4-10
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan S4-10.jpg
|Year=1972 - 1974
|Successor=Stereoscan S250 MK I
|Magnification Range=40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemen Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical & Magnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= none
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= none
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polpiece and Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric / Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= Stage Dependent 25mm
|Z Travel Range=Stage Dependent 15mm
|Tilt Range= Stage Dependent 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 180
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Steroscan 180.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 150
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 600
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 600.jpg
|Year= 1976
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20x to 50kx
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=2.6 kVA
|System Weight= 454 kg (base configuration)
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=1.5, 7.5, 15, 25 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 13 mm
|Z Travel Range= 20 mm
|Tilt Range= 0-90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <25 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Palette Stage
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 90
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 90 from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan 120
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 100
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 100 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 200
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 200 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 250 Mk 1
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 250 MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 250 MK2 - overview.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan Model 250 MKIII
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 50 MKIII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 250 MK III from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20x - 300kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Digital
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 2 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 500v - 40kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Electromagnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 100mm - 3.5mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <5 nm (Tungsten) / <3.5 nm (LaB6)
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swingout Door
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor r
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 120
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 120 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 0.3 kV - 30 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <5 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 360
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 360 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 200 v - 40 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= 3.5 nm (Tungsten) / 2.5 nm (LaB6)
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor
}}

{{#DeviceInfoBox2:sem|Stereoscan 250 MK III||
accel=Self Biased Triode;
accel_volt=0.5 - 40 KV;
cath_type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6;
objl_type=Electromagnetic;
power=2 KVA;
weight=628 Kg;
objl_res=50Å;
conl_stig=Electromagnetic Octopol;
mag_range=20x - 300Kx;
|}}

= Electron Probe Micro Analyzers =
*Microscan V
*[[Cambridge Geoscan|Geoscan]]

[[Category:EM Templates]]

Cambridge

2026-02-02T21:16:24Z

Lbochtler: added mk1 and updated mk2 information

The Cambridge Instrument Company located in Cambridge UK, was the first commercial manufacturer of Scanning Electron Microscopes.

= Scanning Electron Microscopes =

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Cambridge SEM-1
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-SEM1-taken-in-1953-38-p52.png
|Year=1953
|Successor=Stereoscan MKI
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKI
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan MK1 2.png
|Year=1965
|Successor=Stereoscan MKII
|Magnification Range= 20x - 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 4.5 - 5kVA
|System Weight= 1247 Kg
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 1 kV - 20 kV
|Stability= 30 ppm/5 min
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= None
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 25mm
|Z Travel Range= 15mm
|Tilt Range= 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability= 15 ppm/5 min
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <20 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-Stereoscan-mk2-redrawn.jpg
|Year= 1966
|Successor=Stereoscan S4
|Magnification Range= 20x - 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 4.5 - 5kVA
|System Weight= 1247 Kg
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 1 kV - 20 kV
|Stability= 30 ppm/5 min
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= None
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 25mm
|Z Travel Range= 15mm
|Tilt Range= 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability= 15 ppm/5 min
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <15 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan S4 from brochure.png
|Year= 1969
|Successor=Stereoscan S4-10
|Magnification Range= 40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4.5 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric & Eucentric (optional)
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= +-12.5 mm
|Z Travel Range= 35mm
|Tilt Range= 45°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <15 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4-10
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan S4-10.jpg
|Year=1972 - 1974
|Successor=Stereoscan S250 MK I
|Magnification Range=40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemen Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical & Magnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= none
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= none
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polpiece and Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric / Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= Stage Dependent 25mm
|Z Travel Range=Stage Dependent 15mm
|Tilt Range= Stage Dependent 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 180
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Steroscan 180.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 150
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 600
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 600.jpg
|Year= 1976
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20x to 50kx
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=2.6 kVA
|System Weight= 454 kg (base configuration)
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=1.5, 7.5, 15, 25 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 13 mm
|Z Travel Range= 20 mm
|Tilt Range= 0-90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <25 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Palette Stage
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 90
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 90 from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan 120
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 100
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 100 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 200
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 200 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 250 Mk 1
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 250 MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 250 MK2 - overview.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan Model 250 MKIII
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 50 MKIII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 250 MK III from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20x - 300kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Digital
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 2 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 500v - 40kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Electromagnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 100mm - 3.5mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <5 nm (Tungsten) / <3.5 nm (LaB6)
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swingout Door
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor r
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 120
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 120 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 0.3 kV - 30 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <5 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 360
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 360 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 200 v - 40 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= 3.5 nm (Tungsten) / 2.5 nm (LaB6)
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor
}}

{{#DeviceInfoBox2:sem|Stereoscan 250 MK III||
accel=Self Biased Triode;
accel_volt=0.5 - 40 KV;
cath_type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6;
objl_type=Electromagnetic;
power=2 KVA;
weight=628 Kg;
objl_res=50Å;
conl_stig=Electromagnetic Octopol;
mag_range=20x - 300Kx;
|}}

= Electron Probe Micro Analyzers =
*Microscan V
*[[Cambridge Geoscan|Geoscan]]

[[Category:EM Templates]]

Cambridge

2026-02-02T21:13:27Z

Lbochtler: changed successor of stereoscan 90, removed model from the name

The Cambridge Instrument Company located in Cambridge UK, was the first commercial manufacturer of Scanning Electron Microscopes.

= Scanning Electron Microscopes =

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Cambridge SEM-1
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-SEM1-taken-in-1953-38-p52.png
|Year=1953
|Successor=Stereoscan MKI
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKI
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan MK1 2.png
|Year=1965
|Successor=Stereoscan MKII
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-Stereoscan-mk2-redrawn.jpg
|Year= 1966
|Successor=Stereoscan S4
|Magnification Range= 20x - 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 4.5 - 5kVA
|System Weight= 1247 Kg
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 1 kV - 20 kV
|Stability= 30 ppm/5 min
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= None
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 25mm
|Z Travel Range= 15mm
|Tilt Range= 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability= 15 ppm/5 min
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <20nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan S4 from brochure.png
|Year= 1969
|Successor=Stereoscan S4-10
|Magnification Range= 40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4.5 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric & Eucentric (optional)
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= +-12.5 mm
|Z Travel Range= 35mm
|Tilt Range= 45°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <15nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4-10
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan S4-10.jpg
|Year=1972 - 1974
|Successor=Stereoscan S250 MK I
|Magnification Range=40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemen Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical & Magnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= none
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= none
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polpiece and Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric / Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= Stage Dependent 25mm
|Z Travel Range=Stage Dependent 15mm
|Tilt Range= Stage Dependent 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 180
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Steroscan 180.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 150
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 600
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 600.jpg
|Year= 1976
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20x to 50kx
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=2.6 kVA
|System Weight= 454 kg (base configuration)
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=1.5, 7.5, 15, 25 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 13 mm
|Z Travel Range= 20 mm
|Tilt Range= 0-90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <25 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Palette Stage
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 90
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 90 from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan 120
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 100
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 100 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 200
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 200 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 250 Mk 1
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 250 MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 250 MK2 - overview.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan Model 250 MKIII
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 50 MKIII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 250 MK III from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20x - 300kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Digital
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 2 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 500v - 40kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Electromagnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 100mm - 3.5mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <5nm (Tungsten) / <3.5nm (LaB6)
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swingout Door
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor r
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 120
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 120 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 0.3 kV - 30 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <5nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 360
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 360 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 200 v - 40 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= 3.5 nm (Tungsten) / 2.5 nm (LaB6)
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor
}}

{{#DeviceInfoBox2:sem|Stereoscan 250 MK III||
accel=Self Biased Triode;
accel_volt=0.5 - 40 KV;
cath_type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6;
objl_type=Electromagnetic;
power=2 KVA;
weight=628 Kg;
objl_res=50Å;
conl_stig=Electromagnetic Octopol;
mag_range=20x - 300Kx;
|}}

= Electron Probe Micro Analyzers =
*Microscan V
*[[Cambridge Geoscan|Geoscan]]

[[Category:EM Templates]]

Cambridge

2026-02-02T21:11:02Z

Lbochtler: updated pictures and information

The Cambridge Instrument Company located in Cambridge UK, was the first commercial manufacturer of Scanning Electron Microscopes.

= Scanning Electron Microscopes =

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Cambridge SEM-1
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-SEM1-taken-in-1953-38-p52.png
|Year=1953
|Successor=Stereoscan MKI
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKI
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan MK1 2.png
|Year=1965
|Successor=Stereoscan MKII
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-Stereoscan-mk2-redrawn.jpg
|Year= 1966
|Successor=Stereoscan S4
|Magnification Range= 20x - 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 4.5 - 5kVA
|System Weight= 1247 Kg
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 1 kV - 20 kV
|Stability= 30 ppm/5 min
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= None
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 25mm
|Z Travel Range= 15mm
|Tilt Range= 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability= 15 ppm/5 min
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <20nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan S4 from brochure.png
|Year= 1969
|Successor=Stereoscan S4-10
|Magnification Range= 40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4.5 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical XYZ
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric & Eucentric (optional)
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= +-12.5 mm
|Z Travel Range= 35mm
|Tilt Range= 45°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <15nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Stage Drawer
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4-10
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan S4-10.jpg
|Year=1972 - 1974
|Successor=Stereoscan S250 MK I
|Magnification Range=40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemen Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4KW
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical & Magnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= none
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= none
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polpiece and Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric / Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= Stage Dependent 25mm
|Z Travel Range=Stage Dependent 15mm
|Tilt Range= Stage Dependent 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 180
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Steroscan 180.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 150
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 600
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 600.jpg
|Year= 1976
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20x to 50kx
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=2.6 kVA
|System Weight= 454 kg (base configuration)
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=1.5, 7.5, 15, 25 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 13 mm
|Z Travel Range= 20 mm
|Tilt Range= 0-90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <25 nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Palette Stage
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 90
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 90 from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 100
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 100 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 200
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 200 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 250 Mk 1
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 250 MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 250 MK2 - overview.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan Model 250 MKIII
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 250 MKIII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 250 MK III from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range= 20x - 300kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Digital
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption= 2 kVA
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 500v - 40kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Electromagnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance= 100mm - 3.5mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <5nm (Tungsten) / <3.5nm (LaB6)
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading= Swingout Door
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor r
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 120
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 120 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage= 0.3 kV - 30 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= <5nm
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 360
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 360 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 200 v - 40 kV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution= 3.5 nm (Tungsten) / 2.5 nm (LaB6)
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Crank (Hand Operated) / Motor
}}

{{#DeviceInfoBox2:sem|Stereoscan 250 MK III||
accel=Self Biased Triode;
accel_volt=0.5 - 40 KV;
cath_type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6;
objl_type=Electromagnetic;
power=2 KVA;
weight=628 Kg;
objl_res=50Å;
conl_stig=Electromagnetic Octopol;
mag_range=20x - 300Kx;
|}}

= Electron Probe Micro Analyzers =
*Microscan V
*[[Cambridge Geoscan|Geoscan]]

[[Category:EM Templates]]

Cambridge

2026-02-02T20:42:11Z

Lbochtler: added s4 image

The Cambridge Instrument Company located in Cambridge UK, was the first commercial manufacturer of Scanning Electron Microscopes.

= Scanning Electron Microscopes =

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Cambridge SEM-1
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-SEM1-taken-in-1953-38-p52.png
|Year=1953
|Successor=Stereoscan MKI
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKI
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan MK1 2.png
|Year=1965
|Successor=Stereoscan MKII
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-Stereoscan-mk2-redrawn.jpg
|Year= 1966
|Successor=Stereoscan S4
|Magnification Range= 20x - 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight= 1247 Kg
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= None
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 25mm
|Z Travel Range= 15mm
|Tilt Range= 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan S4 from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan S4-10
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4-10
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan S4-10.jpg
|Year=1972 - 1974
|Successor=Stereoscan S250 MK I
|Magnification Range=40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemen Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4KW
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical & Magnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= none
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= none
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polpiece and Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric / Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= Stage Dependent 25mm
|Z Travel Range=Stage Dependent 15mm
|Tilt Range= Stage Dependent 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 180
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Steroscan 180.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 150
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 600
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 600.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 90
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 90 from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 100
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 100 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 120
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 120 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 200
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 200 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 250 Mk 1
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 250 MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 250 MK2 - overview.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan Model 250 MKIII
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 250 MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 250 MK III from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 360
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 360 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{#DeviceInfoBox2:sem|Stereoscan 250 MK III||
accel=Self Biased Triode;
accel_volt=0.5 - 40 KV;
cath_type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6;
objl_type=Electromagnetic;
power=2 KVA;
weight=628 Kg;
objl_res=50Å;
conl_stig=Electromagnetic Octopol;
mag_range=20x - 300Kx;
|}}

= Electron Probe Micro Analyzers =
*Microscan V
*[[Cambridge Geoscan|Geoscan]]

[[Category:EM Templates]]

Cambridge

2026-02-02T20:38:06Z

Lbochtler: added pictures

The Cambridge Instrument Company located in Cambridge UK, was the first commercial manufacturer of Scanning Electron Microscopes.

= Scanning Electron Microscopes =

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Cambridge SEM-1
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-SEM1-taken-in-1953-38-p52.png
|Year=1953
|Successor=Stereoscan MKI
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKI
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan MK1 2.png
|Year=1965
|Successor=Stereoscan MKII
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-Stereoscan-mk2-redrawn.jpg
|Year= 1966
|Successor=Stereoscan S4
|Magnification Range= 20x - 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight= 1247 Kg
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= None
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 25mm
|Z Travel Range= 15mm
|Tilt Range= 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan S4-10
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4-10
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan S4-10.jpg
|Year=1972 - 1974
|Successor=Stereoscan S250 MK I
|Magnification Range=40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemen Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4KW
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical & Magnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= none
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= none
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polpiece and Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric / Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= Stage Dependent 25mm
|Z Travel Range=Stage Dependent 15mm
|Tilt Range= Stage Dependent 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 180
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Steroscan 180.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 150
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 600
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 600.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 90
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 90 from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 100
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 100 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 120
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 120 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 200
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 200 from 250 MK3 brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 250 Mk 1
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 250 MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 250 MK2 - overview.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan Model 250 MKIII
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 250 MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 250 MK III from brochure.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 360
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan 360 from infosheet.png
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{#DeviceInfoBox2:sem|Stereoscan 250 MK III||
accel=Self Biased Triode;
accel_volt=0.5 - 40 KV;
cath_type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6;
objl_type=Electromagnetic;
power=2 KVA;
weight=628 Kg;
objl_res=50Å;
conl_stig=Electromagnetic Octopol;
mag_range=20x - 300Kx;
|}}

[[Category:EM Templates]]

= Electron Probe Micro Analyzers =
*Microscan V
*[[Cambridge Geoscan|Geoscan]]

[[Category:EM Templates]]

Cambridge

2026-02-02T20:02:04Z

Lbochtler: added some models

The Cambridge Instrument Company located in Cambridge UK, was the first commercial manufacturer of Scanning Electron Microscopes.

= Scanning Electron Microscopes =

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Cambridge SEM-1
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-SEM1-taken-in-1953-38-p52.png
|Year=1953
|Successor=Stereoscan MKI
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKI
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge Stereoscan MK1.jpg
|Year=1965
|Successor=Stereoscan MKII
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=
|Deflection Type=
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge-Stereoscan-mk2-redrawn.jpg
|Year= 1966
|Successor=Stereoscan S4
|Magnification Range= 20x - 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle & Range Switch
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight= 1247 Kg
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= None
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= None
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polepiece & Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= 25mm
|Z Travel Range= 15mm
|Tilt Range= 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance= 0 - 20mm
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4
|Microscope Picture File=
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan S4-10
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan S4-10
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan S4-10.jpg
|Year=1972 - 1974
|Successor=Stereoscan S250 MK I
|Magnification Range=40x to 100Kx
|Magnification Gauge Type= Needle type & Range Switch
|Specemen Chamber Pressure= < 5 e-5 mBar
|Power Consumption= 4KW
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage= 0 - 30 KV
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode= DC
|Alignment Methode= Mechanical & Magnetic
|Number of Condensor Lenses= 2
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator= none
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment= none
|Condensor Lens Type= Electromagnetic, Polpiece and Capsule
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric / Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range= Stage Dependent 25mm
|Z Travel Range=Stage Dependent 15mm
|Tilt Range= Stage Dependent 90°
|Rotation Range= 360°
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 180
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Steroscan 180.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan 150
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Steroscan 180.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 600
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 600.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 90
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge model 100.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 100
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge model 100.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 120
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge model 100.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 200
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge model 100.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 250 Mk 1
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge model 100.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 250 MKII
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge - Stereoscan 250 MK2 - overview.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=Stereoscan Model 250 MKIII
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

{{#DeviceInfoBox2:sem|Stereoscan 250 MK III||
accel=Self Biased Triode;
accel_volt=0.5 - 40 KV;
cath_type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6;
objl_type=Electromagnetic;
power=2 KVA;
weight=628 Kg;
objl_res=50Å;
conl_stig=Electromagnetic Octopol;
mag_range=20x - 300Kx;
|}}

{{SEM List Entry
|Microscope Name=Stereoscan Model 360
|Microscope Picture File=Cambridge model 100.jpg
|Year=
|Successor=
|Magnification Range=
|Magnification Gauge Type=
|Specemin Chamber Pressure=
|Power Consumption=
|System Weight=
|Accelerator Type=Self Biased Triode Gun
|Cathode Type=Tungsten Hairpin / LaB6
|Accelerating Voltage=
|Stability=
|Cathode Heating Methode=
|Alignment Methode=
|Number of Condensor Lenses=
|Condensor Current Stability=
|Condensor Stigmator=
|Condensor Aperture=
|Condensor Alignment=
|Condensor Lens Type=
|Stage Type=Non Eucentric
|Sample Holder Type=3.2 mm Stub
|X, Y Travel Range=
|Z Travel Range=
|Tilt Range=
|Rotation Range=
|Working Distance=
|Objective Spherical Error=
|Objective Current Stability=
|Objective Stigmator=Octopol
|Deflection Type=Double Deflection Electromagnetic
|Point Resolution=
|Lens Type=Electromagnetic
|Specimen Loading=
|Drive Mechanism=Micrometer Screw (Hand Operated)
}}

[[Category:EM Templates]]

= Electron Probe Micro Analyzers =
*Microscan V
*[[Cambridge Geoscan|Geoscan]]

[[Category:EM Templates]]

ARL

2026-02-02T18:37:56Z

Lbochtler: short introduction of ARL

ARL was a American Manufacturer of Electron Probe Microanalysers.

= Models =
* EMX (C.a. 1966)
* SEMQ (C.a 1975-7981)

Main Page

2026-02-02T18:36:27Z

Lbochtler: /* Short Content List */ added ARL

[[File:Elmiskop1-Front-Brochure.jpg|thumb|The Siemens [[Elmiskop 1]] Transmission Electron Microscope]]
The Microscopy wiki is dedicated to archiving and cataloging every microscope ever created by man, as well as their associated documentation, as well as some example images.
[[File:Autoscan Column.jpg|thumb|left|The Column of the [[ETEC Autoscan]] [[Scanning Electron Microscope]] with opened Sample Chamber]]
== Short Content List ==

=== Microsocpes ===
{{#tree:
*[[Light Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Light Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ernst Leitz Wetzlar]]
{{#dpl:category=Leitz LM|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Electron Microscope]]
**[[Siemens]]
{{#dpl:category=Siemens|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Carl Zeiss]]
{{#dpl:category=Zeiss|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[JEOL]]
{{#dpl:category=JEOL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Hitachi]]
{{#dpl:category=Hitachi|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Philips]]
{{#dpl:category=Philips|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[FEI]]
{{#dpl:category=FEI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Tesla]]
{{#dpl:category=Tesla|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Tescan]]
{{#dpl:category=Tescan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[AEI]]
{{#dpl:category=AEI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Cambridge]]
{{#dpl:category=Cambridge|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[RCA]]
{{#dpl:category=RCA|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[ISI]]
{{#dpl:category=ISI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Etec Corporation|ETEC]]
{{#dpl:category=ETEC|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Amray]]
{{#dpl:category=Amray|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Ernst Leitz Wetzlar]]
{{#dpl:category=Leitz|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Nanometrix]]
{{#dpl:category=Nanometrix|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie]]
{{#dpl:category=Compagnie Générale de Télégraphie|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Trüb Täuber & Co]]
{{#dpl:category=Trüb Täuber & Co|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Plessey]]
{{#dpl:category=Plessey|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Bosch]]
{{#dpl:category=Bosch|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[RJ Lee]]
{{#dpl:category=RJ Lee|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Aspex]]
{{#dpl:category=Aspex|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[ARL]]
{{#dpl:category=ARL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Electroscan]]
{{#dpl:category=Electroscan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Camica]]
{{#dpl:category=Camica|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[CamScan]]
{{#dpl:category=CamScan|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[CamScan]]
{{#dpl:category=SELMI|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Quantum Design]]
{{#dpl:category=Quantum Design|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

*[[Electron Beam Lithography]]
{{#dpl:category=Electron Beam Lithography|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[IBM]]
{{#dpl:category=IBM|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[JEOL]]
{{#dpl:category=JEOL|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

*[[Ion Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Ion Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Xray Microscope]]
{{#dpl:category=Xray Microscope|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

=== Other ===
{{#tree:
*[[Microtome]]
{{#dpl:category=Microtome|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Ultramicrotome]]
{{#dpl:category=Ultramicrotome|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Evaporator]]
{{#dpl:category=Evaporator|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Sputter Coater]]
{{#dpl:category=Sputter Coater|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
*[[Cryo Equipment]]
**[[Reichert & Jung]]
{{#dpl:category=Reichert & Jung - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
***[[KF80|KF80 - Plunge Freezer]]
*[[Vacuum Equipment]]
**[[Leybold]]
{{#dpl:category=Leybold - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Hreaeus]]
{{#dpl:category=Hreaeus - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Leybold Hreaeus]]
{{#dpl:category=Leybold Hreaeus - Equipment|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

**[[Alcatel]]
{{#dpl:category=Alcatel|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}

**[[Balzers]]
{{#dpl:category=Balzers|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Pfeifer]]
{{#dpl:category=Pfeifer|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Vacubrand]]
{{#dpl:category=Vacubrand|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Edwards]]
{{#dpl:category=Edwards|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
**[[Sargent Welsh]]
{{#dpl:category=Sargent Welsh|format=,***,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

=== Researchers ===
{{#tree:
*Germany
{{#dpl:category=German Researcher|format=,**,[[%PAGE%]]\n,}}
}}

[[Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function]]

= Recent Changes =

<news/>

[[Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function]]

About

2026-02-02T17:33:49Z

Lbochtler: added website listing

= General =
The Museum of Electron Microscopy (Elektronen Mikroskopie Museum Nürnberg G. e. V) was officially founded in 2021/2022, unifying the separate projects of the founding members, as well as their collections of documents and machines.

This Wiki is intended to be a knowledge base on the topic of Electron Microscopy, its applications, techniques and history. At current, it is sparsely filled by, mostly, the Curator of the museum, Lukas Bochtler. It aims to Preserve the history of the various companies, and their machines, as well as give new microscopists a starting point for their studies, and allow experienced microscopists to learn and teach things to those less experienced. It also intends to keep older machines in a running state by giving access to service documentation for them. The Museum is in the process of scanning the paper archive and making accessible as much as possible. Scanning and digital restoration takes time and manpower, of which the museum has only limited amounts. So of the tens of thousands of documents currently in the archive, only a small portion has been scanned and digitally restored.

The Wiki was started as a publicly editable wiki like Wikipedia, but due to Bot abuse, this has been removed, and will likely not return. However, any one who wishes to contribute can request a user account to add their information / contributions.

Note, that the wiki differs from the Museums Archive, in that not all information and documents are available, even in the publicly accessible parts of the archive, not all documents within the collection are available, since some require special clearance and permission from the manufacturer to view, or access.

Also note, that the museum is exclusively run by Volunteers, this includes the Curator and Administrations positions.

= Museum Sites =
There are 2 publiclly accessible websites run by the museum at this time, as well as restricted access page:

* [https://em-museum.org/ EM-Museum.org] The main website for the Museum
* [https://wiki.em-museum.org/index.php/Main_Page Museum Wiki] The knowledgebase and Wiki about Electron Microscopy and related fields
* [https://archive.em-museum.org/ Arhive.EM-Museum.org] Restricted Access Archive Website. Limited access on request

Additionally there is the Archive Wegpage, which is currently not publicly accessible, but will be made so, once time and manpower permits. Limited access is available on request. A publicly accessible front end for the archive site is in the works, but due to time limitations not yet implemented.

= Funding =

The Museum is mostly funded by Donations from Private individuals, some companies.

= Scanning =

Scanned documents available on this wiki are created by the Museum and made freely accessible, however we do ask that you do not distribute or sell them.

== Scan Process ==

Scans are done by hand on a variety of Flatbed, Document Feeder, Overhead and Film scanners present in the Museums Archive. The Scanners used are:

* Epson Expression 1640XL (VueScan)

* Epson Perfection V700 (VueScan)

* Epson Perfection V2480 (VueScan)

* Canon Image Formula DR-6010 (VueScan / Scan Perfect)

* Agfa XY-15

* Plustek OpticBook 3600 (VueScan / Silverfast)

* Microbox Book2Net RGB

* Contex Large Format scanner (add model number later)

The scanners are color calibrated with Agfa Colortune and IT8 targets. The resultant Tiff Files are then processed semi automatically by means of custom built processing software running in GNU Octave, which perform color correction, gamma correction, and deskewing. Descreening of halftone prints is done mostly with Setva Descreen in Photoshop CC, via a manual selection process. A second Automatic descreen software was developed at the museum running in GNU Octave, but due to its enormous computation requirements and propensity for the machine vision components to mistake text blocks for images, it is not used much at current. Further development is needed on this. The resultant resolution from the in house descreen algorithm is superior to the setva one, but requires >20x the compute resources of the Setva in Black and white, and >100x he compute resources of the Setva in Color.

== Digital Restoration ==

The Scanned and processed Tiff files are then further digitally restored by hand, as time permits. This includes the removal of creases, removal of dust, repair of cracked and damaged pictures, missing pieces of text (such as is the case if a hole was punched into a text block), discoloration, contamination etc..., in Adobe Photoshop CC. In this process, some missing pieces of images are (as of 2024) at time restored by means of Generative AI in Photoshop, making sure that the generated content is plausibel and matches what remains. With text, and images prior to 2024, digital restoration is done by hand, my means of copy and pasting individual letters from different parts of the document into the missing spots, and hand painting and "photoshoping" the missing pieces of images to match what they should be.

== PDF Creation ==

The finished Tiff Files are then turned into OCR PDF files by means of Adobe Acrobat CC, and NAPS2 (if images are too large for Acrobat). They are turned into JPEG2000 image PDFs with Acrobat and JPG with NAPS2, OCR is performed, and an Index is created manually for the document if time permits. The resultant master PDF is then compressed to 300DPI for use on this Wiki and the Openly Accessible Archive. This is due to the 600dpi/800dpi master PDF being very large, and having issues being displayed on most web browsers and PDF viewers. They are accessible on request, and are mostly used internally as a reproduction backup.

= History of the Wiki =
This wiki was originally started as a proof of concept for a different project, and a test bed for that projects development. Since the curator wanted to create a site documenting the various models of Electron Microscopes known to him at the time, and since content was needed for the tests, this site was created and information added. This site was then added to the museum project and further information was added as time permitted. Information on this site is at times outdated compared to the current knowledge present at the museum, but it is slowly updated to meet the current state of knowledge, as time permits.

It was later planned to include not only historic information, but also a methode collection and information hub about the topic of electron and light microscopy, this has been a slow in its creation due to lack of time and manpower.

Anyone is free to contribute!

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2026-02-02T17:20:03Z

Lbochtler: added FAQ

Editing Guidelines

2026-02-02T17:19:16Z

Lbochtler: general overview of editing guidlines, incomplete

= General rules =
Cite thine sources!

== Page Creation ==
If a new page is to be created, check before hand if it might already exist by means of the search bar. This is also how you create a new page, unless you link to it within the text of a page. Pages are typically created for Manufacturers, Models, Techniques etc... Please add them to the appropriate category, if none exists, create the category.

NOTE: The Visual Editor is currently partially out of Order, and will create an error message if a new page is created with it. So please use "Create Source" and NOT "Create" to create the page. It is also advisable to copy the Markup Text into the clipboard prior to creating a page, just to make sure, that in the event of a Server error, the information is not lost.

== Editing ==

Adding more information is always welcome, but please cite sources if possible, or add notes in the markup text or discussion page if it is from your memory but no sources other then yourself are present. If you are the source, put yourself as the citation. (examples being Thomas Ruska, grandson of Ernst Ruska), aka Living Memory.

Try not to break markup structures, and formatting.

== Formatting ==
Ideally format the information in accordance to the standard MediaWiki methods. For information on how to use the Markup Editor for formatting, see the MediaWiki wiki page, or search with the keyword "Mediawiki" on your search engine of choice.

== Uploading Files ==
This feature is currently broken due to a Webserver bug that the admin has yet resolve due to a lack of time. Uploads are currently done by means of the backend, and files to be uploaded should be sent to the Site admin via Email (large files via WeTransfer or similar). You may then edit the information on the file once uploaded.

This problem will hopefully be resoled soon.

== Paper Documents / Pictures ==
In the event that you wish to add documents or pictures to the wiki which are not in digital form, these can be sent to the museum via Mail and scanned by us, however this takes time, so it may be many months before they become avalibe digitally. The physical documents or pictures can either be added to the museum collection and stay stored in the Archive. Added to the Museum Collection via Assession number, and sent back to you. Or only be scanned and sent back. Contact the curator for more information

== Plugin use ==
There are a few custom plugins running on the wiki, for information on how to use these, see [[Plugin Manual]] for information.

= Finish this later =

Create User

2026-02-02T17:03:50Z

Lbochtler:

Since 2024 public user creation has been stopped due to Bots abusing the website. In order to create an account in order to contribute to the Wiki, please contact the museum curator / Site administrator. Email address can be found under [[Contakt]].

Required information is as fallows:
* Full Name
* E-Mail address
* Username wish (typically the username will be the same as the email address before the (at) symbol)
* Password (optional, see below)
* Affiliation (if applicable)

A short introduction and summery of what you wish to contribute / add / modify / etc... is also appreciated.

We will then, hopefully in a timely manner, create the account for you, assign a temporary password (unless one is specified in the above information), and send you an email with the login details for your account. If you have a temporary password Assigned, please change this after signing in.

Please read the [[Editing Guidelines]] before editing. For more information and questions, please contact the site admin.

Create User

2026-02-02T17:02:49Z

Lbochtler: added user creation text

Since 2024 public user creation has been stopped due to Bots abusing the website. In order to create an account in order to contribute to the Wiki, please contact the museum curator / Site administrator. Email address can be found under {Contakt}.

Required information is as fallows:
* Full Name
* E-Mail address
* Username wish (typically the username will be the same as the email address before the (at) symbol)
* Password (optional, see below)
* Affiliation (if applicable)

A short introduction and summery of what you wish to contribute / add / modify / etc... is also appreciated.

We will then, hopefully in a timely manner, create the account for you, assign a temporary password (unless one is specified in the above information), and send you an email with the login details for your account. If you have a temporary password Assigned, please change this after signing in.

Please read the {Editing Guidelines} before editing. For more information and questions, please contact the site admin.

About

2026-02-02T16:51:46Z

Lbochtler: Added general about page

= General =
The Museum of Electron Microscopy (Elektronen Mikroskopie Museum Nürnberg G. e. V) was officially founded in 2021/2022, unifying the separate projects of the founding members, as well as their collections of documents and machines.

This Wiki is intended to be a knowledge base on the topic of Electron Microscopy, its applications, techniques and history. At current, it is sparsely filled by, mostly, the Curator of the museum, Lukas Bochtler. It aims to Preserve the history of the various companies, and their machines, as well as give new microscopists a starting point for their studies, and allow experienced microscopists to learn and teach things to those less experienced. It also intends to keep older machines in a running state by giving access to service documentation for them. The Museum is in the process of scanning the paper archive and making accessible as much as possible. Scanning and digital restoration takes time and manpower, of which the museum has only limited amounts. So of the tens of thousands of documents currently in the archive, only a small portion has been scanned and digitally restored.

The Wiki was started as a publicly editable wiki like Wikipedia, but due to Bot abuse, this has been removed, and will likely not return. However, any one who wishes to contribute can request a user account to add their information / contributions.

Note, that the wiki differs from the Museums Archive, in that not all information and documents are available, even in the publicly accessible parts of the archive, not all documents within the collection are available, since some require special clearance and permission from the manufacturer to view, or access.

Also note, that the museum is exclusively run by Volunteers, this includes the Curator and Administrations positions.

= Funding =

The Museum is mostly funded by Donations from Private individuals, some companies.

= Scanning =

Scanned documents available on this wiki are created by the Museum and made freely accessible, however we do ask that you do not distribute or sell them.

== Scan Process ==

Scans are done by hand on a variety of Flatbed, Document Feeder, Overhead and Film scanners present in the Museums Archive. The Scanners used are:

* Epson Expression 1640XL (VueScan)

* Epson Perfection V700 (VueScan)

* Epson Perfection V2480 (VueScan)

* Canon Image Formula DR-6010 (VueScan / Scan Perfect)

* Agfa XY-15

* Plustek OpticBook 3600 (VueScan / Silverfast)

* Microbox Book2Net RGB

* Contex Large Format scanner (add model number later)

The scanners are color calibrated with Agfa Colortune and IT8 targets. The resultant Tiff Files are then processed semi automatically by means of custom built processing software running in GNU Octave, which perform color correction, gamma correction, and deskewing. Descreening of halftone prints is done mostly with Setva Descreen in Photoshop CC, via a manual selection process. A second Automatic descreen software was developed at the museum running in GNU Octave, but due to its enormous computation requirements and propensity for the machine vision components to mistake text blocks for images, it is not used much at current. Furthre development is needed on this. The resultant resolution from the in house descreen algorithm is superior to the setva one, but requires >20x the compute resources of the Setva in Black and white, and >100x he compute resources of the Setva in Color.

== Digital Restoration ==

The Scanned and processed Tiff files are then further digitally restored by hand, as time permits. This includes the removal of creases, removal of dust, repair of cracked and damaged pictures, missing pieces of text (such as is the case if a hole was punched into a text block), discoloration, contamination etc..., in Adobe Photoshop CC. In this process, some missing pieces of images are (as of 2024) at time restored by means of Generative AI in Photoshop, making sure that the generated content is plausable and matches what remains. With text, and images prior to 2024, digital restoration is done by hand, my means of copy and pasting individual letters from different parts of the document into the missing spots, and hand painting and "photoshoping" the missing pieces of images to match what they should be.

== PDF Creation ==

The finished Tiff Files are then turned into OCR PDF files by means of Adobe Acrobat CC, and NAPS2 (if images are too large for Acrobat). They are turned into JPEG2000 image PDFs with Acrobat and JPG with NAPS2, OCR is performed, and an Index is created manually for the document if time permits. The resultant master PDF is then compressed to 300DPI for use on this Wiki and the Openly Accessible Archive. This is due to the 600dpi/800dpi master PDF being very large, and having issues being displayed on most web browsers and PDF viewers. They are accessible on request, and are mostly used internally as a reproduction backup.